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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is Gregor Mendel? |
Australian monk who carried out the first important studies of heredity |
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Heredity |
The passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring |
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Genetics |
The branch of biology that studies heredity |
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Traits |
Characteristics that are inherited |
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Mendel was the first person to succeed in what? |
Predicting how traits are transferred from one generation to the next |
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What did Mendel study and why? |
Pea plants because they had different traits, grow in large amounts, have a short life span, widely available, and sexually reproduce |
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Fertilization |
The uniting of male and female gametes |
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Pollination |
The transfer of the male pollen grains to the female organ of a flower |
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After the ovule is fertilized, what does it mature into? |
A seed |
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Parts of a flower |
Male: Stamen{ Anther (top) and Filament (Bottom) Female Pistil{ (In order from top to bottom) Stigma, Style, Ovary (turns to fruit), Ovule (turns to seed) |
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Mendel's first experiments are called ___________ crosses because the two parent plants differed by a single trait |
Monohybrid |
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What does "P" stand for? |
Parent |
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What does "F" stand for? |
Filial son or daughter |
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When you cross two F1 plants with each other, their offspring are called.... |
the F2 generation (The 2nd filial generation) |
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Mendel did similar monohybrid crosses with a total of how many pairs of traits? |
7 |
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Mendel concluded that each organism has how many factors for each of its traits? |
Two (These factors are genes and that they are located on chromosomes) |
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Genes exist in alternative forms. These different gene forms are called.... |
Alleles |
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Dihybrid Cross |
A cross involving two different traits
Ex: Round yellow seeds crossed with wrinkled green seeds
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To explain the results of a dihybrid cross, Mendel formulated what? |
Law of Independent Assortment |
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Reginald Punnet |
An English biologist who devised a shorthand way of finding the expected proportions of possible genotypes in the offspring of a cross (Invented the Punnet Square) in 1905 |
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Dihybrid cross has how many boxes in a Punnet Square? |
16 Ratio ~ 9:3:3:1 |
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Monohybrid cross has how many boxes in a Punnet Square? |
4 Ratio ~ 3:1 |
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Genes Are lined up how? |
In a linear fashion on chromosomes |
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Typically, how many chromosomes are arranged on each chromosome? |
A thousand or more
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Mendel's pea plant had how many chromosomes? |
14 |
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In somatic cells, how to chromosomes occur? |
In pairs |
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One chromosome in each pair came from whom and the other came from whom? |
The male parent and the female parent |
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Diploid Cell (2n) |
A cell with two of each kind of chromosome |
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Haploid Cell (n) |
A cell with one of each kind of chromosome |
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Homologous Chromosome |
Paired chromosomes |
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When cells divide by mitosis, how do the new cells compare to the original cells? |
The new cells have exactly the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original cells |
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When cells divide by meiosis, how do the new cells differ from the original cell? |
The new cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent's body cell |
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Meiosis I begins with what? |
One diploid (2n) cell? |
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By the end of meiosis II, how many cells are there? |
4 haploid (n) cells |
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Male gamete |
Sperm |
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Female Gamete |
Egg |
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When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting cell is called what? |
A zygote (has the diploid number of chromosomes) |
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Phases of Meiosis |
Interphase Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II |
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Crossing over causes what? |
Variations on people's genetic information that they carry |
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Each spermatid develops into what? |
A haploid sperm with a flagellum |
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An ootid develops into what? |
A haploid egg |
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A sperm's nucleus unites with an egg's nucleus forming what? |
A zygote |
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Testes of males house many what? |
Diploid spermatoginal sex cells |
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Female ovaries house many what? |
Diploid oogonial sex cells |
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The female secondary oocyte divides, forming one haploid ________ and one ________ |
Ootid; Second polar body |
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The resulting of the grouping of four chromatids is called a... |
Tetrad |
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During the first meiotic reduction the primary oocyte divides, forming one _________ and one ____________ |
Secondary oocyte; first polar body |
