Chapter 6 Anatomy

Front 1

• Bone is made up of several different tissues working together:

Back 1

bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, various blood forming tissues, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue.

Front 2

• Each individual bone is an

Back 2

organ

Front 3

Functions of Bone

Back 3

• Supporting & protecting soft tissues
• Attachment site for muscles making movement possible
• Storage of minerals and calcium & phosphate -- mineral homeostasis
• Blood cell production occurs in red bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
• Energy storage in yellow bone marrow

Front 4

shaft

Back 4

diaphyses

Front 5

one end of a long bone

Back 5

epiphyses

Front 6

the areas between the epiphysis and diaphysis and include the epiphyseal plate in growing bones

Back 6

metaphyses

Front 7

• Articular cartilage over joint surfaces acts as

Back 7

friction reducer and shock absorber

Front 8

tough membrane covering bone but not the cartilage

Back 8

periosteum

Front 9

type of connective tissue as seen by widely spaced cells separated by matrix

Back 9

bone

Front 10

consists of widely separated cells surrounded by large amounts of matrix.

Back 10

bone tissue

Front 11

contains inorganic salts, primarily hydroxyapatite and some calcium carbonate, and collagen fibers.

Back 11

the matrix of bone

Front 12

occurs only in the presence of collagen fibers

Back 12

calcification

Front 13

bone-building cells

Back 13

osteoblasts

Front 14

mature bone cells and the principal cells of bone tissue

Back 14

osteocytes

Front 15

derived from monocytes and serve to break down bone tissue

Back 15

osteoclasts

Front 16

undergo cell division and develop into osteoblasts

Back 16

osteogenic cells

Front 17

form matrix & collagen fibers but can’t divide

Back 17

osteoblasts

Front 18

huge cells from fused monocytes (WBC)

Back 18

osteoclasts

Front 19

– can divide to replace themselves & can become osteoblasts

Back 19

• Osteoprogenitor cells

Front 20

– found in inner layer of periosteum and endosteum

Back 20

• Osteoprogenitor cells

Front 21

arranged in units called osteons or Haversian systems

Back 21

compact bone

Front 22

contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and osteocytes along with the calcified matrix.

Back 22

osteons

Front 23

are aligned in the same direction along lines of stress. These lines can slowly change as the stresses on the bone changes

Back 23

osteons

Front 24

• Makes up shaft of long bones and the external layer of all bones

Back 24

compact bone

Front 25

• Resists stresses produced by weight and movement

Back 25

compact bone

Front 26

concentric rings (lamellae) of calcified matrix surrounding a vertically oriented blood vessel

Back 26

osteon

Front 27

found in spaces called lacunae

Back 27

osteocytes

Front 28

communicate through canaliculi filled with extracellular fluid that connect one cell to the next cell

Back 28

osteocytes

Front 29

does not contain osteons. It consists of trabeculae surrounding many red marrow filled spaces.

Back 29

spongy (cancellous) bone

Front 30

• It forms most of the structure of short, flat, and irregular bones, and the epiphyses of long bones.

Back 30

spongy (cancellous) bone

Front 31

is light and supports and protects the red bone marrow.

Back 31

spongy (cancellous) bone

Front 32

• All embryonic connective tissue begins as

Back 32

mesenchyme

Front 33

is the formation of bone directly from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes.

Back 33

– Intramembranous ossification

Front 34

is the formation of bone from hyaline cartilage models.
Intramembranous

Back 34

– Endochondrial ossification

Front 35

forms the flat bones of the skull and the mandible

Back 35

• Intramembranous ossification

Front 36

forms from mesenchymal cells as they convert to osteoblasts and lay down osteoid matrix

Back 36

an ossification center

Front 37

surrounds the cell and then calcifies as the osteoblast becomes an osteocyte.

Back 37

the matrix

Front 38

join to form bridges of trabeculae that constitute spongy bone with red marrow between

Back 38

– The calcifying matrix centers

Front 39

involves replacement of cartilage by bone and forms most of the bones of the body.

Back 39

• Endochondral ossification

Front 40

• The first step in endochondrial ossification is

Back 40

the development of the cartilage model

Front 41

– perichondrium lays down periosteal bone collar

Back 41

• Development of Primary Ossification Center

Front 42

– nutrient artery penetrates center of cartilage model

Back 42

• Development of Primary Ossification Center

Front 43

– osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate to center of cartilage model
– osteoblasts deposit bone matrix over calcified cartilage forming spongy bone trabeculae

Back 43

• Development of Primary Ossification Center

Front 44

– osteoclasts form medullary cavity

Back 44

• Development of Primary Ossification Center

Front 45

– in length by chondrocyte cell division and matrix formation (interstitial growth)
– in width by formation of new matrix on the periphery by new chondroblasts from the perichondrium (appositional growth)
– cells in midregion burst and change pH triggering calcification & chondrocyte death

Back 45

growth of cartilage model

Front 46

– blood vessels enter the epiphyses around time of birth
– spongy bone is formed but no medullary cavity

Back 46

Development of secondary Ossification Center

Front 47

– cartilage cells are produced by mitosis on epiphyseal side of plate
– cartilage cells are destroyed and replaced by bone on diaphyseal side of plate

Back 47

• Epiphyseal plate or cartilage growth plate

Front 48

• Bone can grow in thickness or diameter only by

Back 48

appositional growth

Front 49

• Skeleton is a reservoir of

Back 49

calcium and phosphate

Front 50

are involved with..nerve & muscle cell function
– blood clotting
– enzyme function in many biochemical reactions

Back 50

calcium ions