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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two categories of sensory information.
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Somatic Senses
Special Senses |
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Describe the somatic senses
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aka Body Senses
touch, temperature, pain, pressure, vibration, proprioception (body movement and its position in space) Senses included: Touch (BODY SURFACE) |
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Describe the special senses
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Smell (olfaction)
Sight (vision) Taste (gustation) Hearing Balance (Equilibrium) |
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Division of PNS responsible for transmitting information about the environment outside and inside our bodies
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Afferent Division
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Energy forms
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modalities
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Define Stimulus
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change detectable by the body
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what is a transducer
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translator
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define sensory transduction
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conversion of stimulus energy into a receptor potential (type of graded potential)
if threshold is reached, action potential |
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Graded potentials relating to senses are called
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receptor potentials
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define sensation
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the arrival of the sensory information to the CNS
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define perception
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when you know the sensory information has arrived
sometimes you don't know until after (touching a hot stove) |
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Function of photoreceptors
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Respond to photons of light
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sense related to photoreceptors
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VISION
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Function of chemoreceptors
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respond to chemicals, such as odors, taste, chemicals in body fluids, O2, pH
Chemicals in food/stuff you breath in they detect the levels of gasses in your body and chemicals in the stomach |
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senses related to chemoreceptors
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TASTE
SMELL |
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function of thermoreceptors
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Warm receptors
Cold receptors Temperature sensations |
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senses related to thermoreceptors
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TOUCH
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Function of Nociceptors
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Respond to intense stimuli signaling pain
PAIN RECEPTORS Sensitive to tissue damage (temperature, pressure, stretching) |
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senses related to the nociceptors
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TOUCH
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Function of Mechanoreceptors
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respond to forms of mechanical energy
eg. Movement, pressure, vibration, bending |
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function of osmoreceptors
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detect changes in concentration of solutes in the ECF
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Why is afferent input important?
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It is needed to control efferent output
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describe the function of the reticular activating system in the brain stem
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processes sensory input (critical)
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do all people feel senses the same?
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no, some people feel senses more than others (such as pain and taste)
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describe compound sensations
eg. wetness |
perception comes from integration of several simultaneously activated primary sensory inputs
eg. wetness comes from touch, thermal input, pressure. (there is not "wetness" sensor |
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describe the function of a sensory receptor
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detects and responds to internal and external stimuli
each receptor type has an "adequate stimulus" |
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Acts as a transducer
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sensory receptor
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describe the structure of a sensory receptor
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found at the peripheral endings of afferent neurons
considered specialized nerve endings |
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define receptive field
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area of body, which if stimulated, results in activity in that sensory neuron
receptive fields often overlap with neighboring receptive fields |
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define acuity
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sharpness
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how does the proximity of receptors affect the receptive field?
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the more closely the receptors are located, the smaller the receptive field
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What part of the CNS integrates sensory stimuli?
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Routed through the thalamus, integrated in the cerebral cortex
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What is a labeled line?
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A dedicated neural pathway (chain of neurons)
the labeled lines are synaptically interconnected in particular sequences to accomplish processing of sensory information |
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Which sense isn't routed through the thalamus?
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Smell
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describe the function of the thalamus
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acts as a relay station for all sensory pathways except smell
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How does the sense get to the brain?
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travels along a labeled line
the labeled line connects a specific receptor and the specific neuron in the cerebral cortex that will interpret the signal |
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Describe somatosensory pathways
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pathways conveying conscious somatic sensations
consists of labeled lines |
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What are the 2 classes of receptors (depending on how they react [adapt] to continuous stimulation)
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Tonic Receptors
Phasic Receptors |
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Describe Tonic Receptors
(adaptation, purpose) |
continually send signals to CNS as long as stimulus is present
Adapts slowly or not at all Eg: Muscles and joints (CNS must continually receive information about the degree of muscle length) |
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Describe Phasic Receptors
(adaptation, purpose) |
normally inactive but become active for short time whenever a change occurs in the conditions they are monitoring
RAPIDLY ADAPTING NO LONGER RESPONDS TO MAINTAINED STIMULUS FIRE AT FIRST, ONLY FIRE AGAIN IF THERE'S A CHANGE |
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Examples of phasic receptors
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smell
touch (rings, watches, clothing -- you don't feel it after just a short amount of time) This allows the body to ignore information that has been evaluated and found not to threaten homeostasis or well-being |
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Fast-adapting receptors
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Phasic
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Slow-adapting receptors
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Tonic
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name the 5 special senses
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Vision
Hearing Smelling Tasting Equilibrium |
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What type of receptor is involved in the sense of Vision?
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Photoreceptors
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What type of receptor is involved in the sense of Hearing?
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Mechanoreceptors
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What type of receptor is involved in the sense of Taste?
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Chemoreceptors
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What type of receptor is involved in the sense of Smell?
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Chemoreceptors
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What type of receptor is involved in the sense of Equilibrium?
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Mechanoreceptors
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Loss of the sense of smell
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Anosmia
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Where are taste cells located?
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taste buds
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where are the rods and cones located?
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retina
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where are the hairs associated with hearing located?
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cochlea
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What is necessary for a substance to be tasted?
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It must dissolve in the saliva and mucus of the mouth
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What is a taste pore?
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opening through which fluids in mouth come into contact with surface of receptor cells
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Describe the structure of a taste receptor cell.
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modified epithelial cells with surface folds called microvilli
plasma membrane of microvilli contain receptor sites that bind selectively with chemical molecules |
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Describe the process of tasting
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the chemical dissolves, binds with receptors serving as channels, open the channels, enact a second messenger system (g-proteins)
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What are the 5 primary tastes?
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Sweet
Sour Salty Bitter Umami |
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Describe the taste sensation sweet
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glucose
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describe the taste sensation sour
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acids (contain a free H+)
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describe the taste sensation bitter
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chemically diverse, toxic plant derivatives, poison (alkaloids)
Coffee isn't normally toxic but it has a bitter taste |
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describe the taste sensation Umami
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Japanese for delicious, amino acids, meaty flavors (meaty, savory, the taste you get from adding MSG--chinese food)
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Research points to a sixth taste. What is it?
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Fatty (taste pores that respond mostly to fat, potato chips, homemade rolls)
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Describe Myopia
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Near sighted
When you look at something, it overshoots corrected with a concave lens |
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Describe Hyperopia
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Far sighted
Convex Lens Means you can see far |
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Presbyopia
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Harder up close vision
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Extension of the CNS, contains photoreceptors
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Retina
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"doughnut" vision
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macular degeneration
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What 3 colors are the cones?
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RBG
Red Blue Green |
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accomodation
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ability of the lens to adjust its curvature in order to enable viewing, the cornea never changes
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3 structures that make up the ear
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outer
middle inner |
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Describe the outer/external portion of the ear
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consists of pinna (auricle), auditory meatus, and tympanic membrane
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describe the function of the pinna
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aka auricle
funnels sound waves into the external auditory meatus |
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describe the function of the external auditory meatus
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channels sound waves to the tympanic membrane
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describe the function of the tympanic membrane
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aka EAR DRUM
vibrates in response to sound waves |
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Where is the middle ear located?
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Between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea
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describe the function of the middle ear
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houses the ossicles
transports airborne soundwaves to the fluid-filled inner ear |
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what are the 3 bones in the middle ear called?
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ossicles
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name the three ossicles in order
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malleus
incus stapes |
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Describe the Malleus
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middle ear bone
The Hammer (look like a mallet) Recieves vibrations and passes them on to the incus |
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Describe the incus
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Anvile shape
recieves from the malleus, passes on to the stapes |
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Describe the stapes
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stirrup shape bone
receives from the incus transmits vibration to the oval window |
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What is the muscle connected to the stapes?
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Stapedius muscle
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describe the function of the stapedius muscle
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attaches to the stapes
provides protection from loud noises, contracts to dampen vibrations prevents nerve damage in cochlea |
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describe the function of the Eustachian tube
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aka auditory tube -- permits air to enter or leave middle ear cavity
empties into the ear bone cavity connection to the nasal passages normally shuts off and collapses when your ears pop, this tube is opening up |
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what stands between the ear and external atmosphere
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eustachian tube
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Describe the function of ear tubes
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kids' eustachian tube isn't vertical enough to drain, become infected
ear tubes penetrate ear drum, prevent infection of the tube |
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What is Otitis media
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EAR INFECTION
oto = ear |
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Describe the inner ear
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Where hearing transduction takes place
Houses the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus |
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What 2 sensory systems are housed in the inner ear
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Cochlea
Vestibular Apparatus |
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Describe the structure and function of the cochlea
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fluid-filled tube, snail-like shape
Houses mechanoreceptors for hearing |
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Describe the structure and function of the vestibular apparatus
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necessary for a sense of equillibrium
detects position and movement consists of the semicircular canal and the utricle and saccule |
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name the three major types of muscle
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Smooth
Cardiac Skeletal |
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Describe timbre
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it's what helps people distinguish voices, it involves overtones
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Where is sound processed in the brain?
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The auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the brain
8th nerve > inferior colliculus > then to the thalamus > then to the auditory cortex |
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describe the function of the semicircular canals
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detect rotational acceleration or deceleration in any direction
ice skating, keeping your head up in a car, things like that |
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Describe the function of the utricle and saccule
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detects changes in rate of linear movement in any direction (whenever your hear changes from an upright position...headstand)
provides information important for determining head position in relation to gravity include otoliths |
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Describe the structure of the vestibule
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egg shaped sac filled with gelatinous fluid containing small pebbles of calcium carbonate called otoliths
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describe otoliths
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small pebbles of calcium carbonate that float on the jellylike fluid within saccule and utricle
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what movement does the semicircular canal detect?
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rotation
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Where does the body process vestibular input signals
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signals travel to the vestibular nuclei in brain stem and on to the cerebellum for use in maintaining balance and posture, controlling eye movements, perceiving motion and orientation
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Describe motion sickness
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the fluid is still moving but your eyes are telling you you aren't going anywhere
the brain's sense you're moving is confused with the brain's sense you're standing still |
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causes of hearing loss
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bones, ear drum, auditory cortex, mechanoreceptor loss (hair loss)
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muscle cell membrane
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sarcolemma
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muscle cytoplasm
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sarcoplasm
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muscle modified ER
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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muscle cell aka
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muscle FIBER
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