Chapter 6

Front 1

Classical Conditioning

Back 1

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit an unconditioned response

Front 2

Ivan Pavlov

Back 2

Psychologist who descovered classical conditioning

Front 3

Stimulus

Back 3

A feature in the environment that is detected by an organisms or that leads to a change in behavior

Front 4

Response

Back 4

An observable reaction to a stimulus

Front 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 5

In classical conditioning a stimulus that elicits an unlearned natural occurring response

Front 6

Unconditioned response

Back 6

In classical conditioning an unlearned response

Front 7

Conditioned stimulus

Back 7

A previous neutral stimulus that because if pairing with uncknditioned stimulus now causes a a conditioned response

Front 8

Conditioned response

Back 8

A learned response to a previous neutral stimulus

Front 9

Taste aversion

Back 9

A type of classical conditioning in which a previous desirable out neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation

Front 10

Extinction

Back 10

In classical conditioning the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditional stimulus

Front 11

Spontaneous recovery

Back 11

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed

Front 12

Generalization

Back 12

The tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar charecteristics

Front 13

Discrimination

Back 13

In classical conditioning the ability to distinguish the conditioned stimulus from other stimuli that are similar

Front 14

Flooding

Back 14

A fear reduction technique that involves exposing the individual to a harmless stimulus that involves fear responses to the stimulus that are extinguished

Front 15

Systematic desensitation

Back 15

a type of counter conditioning used to treat phobias in which a pleasant relaxed state is associated with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli

Front 16

Counter conditioning

Back 16

A therapy procedure that replaces a negative response to a stimulus with a positive response

Front 17

Operant conditioning

Back 17

Learning that is strengthened when behavior is followed by positive reinforcement

Front 18

Reinforcement

Back 18

A stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the frequency of that response

Front 19

Positive reinforcement

Back 19

Encouraging stimuli that increase the frequency of a behavior when they are presented

Front 20

Negative reinforcement

Back 20

An unpleasant stimulus that increase the frequency of a behavior when it is removed

Front 21

Primary reinforcers

Back 21

Stimuli such as food or warmth that have reinforcement value without learning

Front 22

Secondary reinforcers

Back 22

Stimuli that increase the probability of a response because of their association with primary reinforcers

Front 23

Punishment

Back 23

Negative reinforcement for an action

Front 24

Fixed interval schedule

Back 24

reinforcement where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.

Front 25

Variable interval schedule

Back 25

Behavior being reinforced on an inconsistent schedule

Front 26

Fixed ratio schedule

Back 26

einforcement means that reinforcement should be delivered after a constant or “fixed” number of correct responses. For example, a fixed ratio schedule of 2 means reinforcement is delivered after every 2 correct responses.

Front 27

Variable ratio

Back 27

reinforcement is a schedule of reinforcement wherein a reinforcer is provided following a pre-determined average number of responses.

Front 28

Shaping

Back 28

A procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior toward closer approximations of the desired goal

Front 29

Social learning theory

Back 29

The theory that suggest that people have the ability to change their environments or create new ones

Front 30

B.f skinner

Back 30

human action dependent on consequences of previous actions

Front 31

Albert Bandura

Back 31

Social learning theory is how people learn through observing others. Recipical causation

Front 32

Recipical causation

Back 32

to the mutual influence between three sets of factors: personal factors (e.g., cognitive, affective and biological events), the environment, behavior.

Front 33

Modeling

Back 33

Learning behavior through the observation of others

Front 34

Modeling cues

Back 34

Cues for distance that may be available to either eyes alone