Chapter 6

Front 1

Physical device that takes data as an imput, transforms the data by executing stored instructions, and outputs information to a number of devices.

Back 1

computer

Front 2

a binary digit representing the smallet unit of data in a computer system. It can only have one of two states, representing 0 or 1.

Back 2

byte

Front 3

Area of the computer system that manipulates symbols, numbers, and letters,and controls the other parts of the computer system.

Back 3

central processing unit (cpu)

Front 4

Part of the computer that temporarily stores program instructions and data being used by the instructions.

Back 4

promary storage

Front 5

Component of the CPU that performs the computer's principal logic and arithmetic operations.

Back 5

aithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

Front 6

Component of the CPU that controls and coordinated the other parts of the computer system.

Back 6

control unit

Front 7

Series of operations required to process a single machine instruction.

Back 7

machine cycle

Front 8

Primary storage of data or program instructions that can directly access any randomly chosen location in the same amount of time.

Back 8

RAM (random access memory)

Front 9

Semiconductor memory chips that contain program instructions. These chips can only be read from, they connot be written to.

Back 9

ROM (read-only memory)

Front 10

Very large-scale integrated circuit technology that integrates the computer's memory, logic, and control on a single chip.

Back 10

microprocessor

Front 11

A measure of cycle speed, or the pacing of events in a computer; one megahertz equals one milion cycles per second.

Back 11

megahertz

Front 12

Technology used to enhance the speed of microprocessors by embedding only the most frequently used instructions on a chip.

Back 12

reduced instruction set computing (RISC)

Front 13

Type of processing in which more than one instruction can be processed at a time by breaking down a problem into smaller parts and processing them simultaneously with multiple processors.

Back 13

parallel processing

Front 14

Computers that use hundreds or thouands of processing chips to attack large computing problems simultaneously.

Back 14

massively parallel computers

Front 15

Relatively long-term, nonvolatile sotrage of data outside the CPU and primary storage.

Back 15

secondary storage

Front 16

A secondary storage medium in which data are stored by means of magnetized spots on a hard or floppy disk.

Back 16

magnetic disk

Front 17

Magnetic disk resembkling a thin metallic platter; used in large computer sstems and in most PCs.

Back 17

hard disk

Front 18

Removable manetic disk storage primarily used with PCs.

Back 18

floppy disk

Front 19

Read-only optical disk storage, reference, and database aplications with massive amounts of unchaning data and for multimedia.

Back 19

CD-ROM (compact disk read-only memory)

Front 20

Optical disk storage that can be rewritten many times by users.

Back 20

CD-RW (CD-ReWritable)

Front 21

High-capacity optical storage medium that can store full-lenght videos and large amounts of data.

Back 21

digital video disk (DVD)

Front 22

Inexpensive, older secondary-storage medium in which larbge volumes of information are stored sequentially by means of magnetized and nonmagnetized spots on tape.

Back 22

magnetic tape

Front 23

Attaching high-speed RAID storage devices to a network so that the devices in the network can access these storage decices through a specialized server dedicated to file service and storage.

Back 23

network-attached storage (NAS)

Front 24

A high-speed network dedicated to strorage that connects different kinds of storage devices, such as tape libraries and disk arrays so they can be shared by multiple servers.

Back 24

storage area network (SAN)

Front 25

Technology using tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an item and its location to transmit shot-distance radio signals to special
RFID readers that then pass the data on to a computer for processing.

Back 25

radio-frequency identification (RFID)

Front 26

A method of collecting and processing data in whih transactions are accumulated and stored until a specified time when it is convenient or necessary to process them as a group

Back 26

batch processing

Front 27

A method of collecting and processing data in which transactions are entered directly into the computer system and processed immediately.

Back 27

online processing

Front 28

The integration of two or more types of media, such as test, graphics, sound, voice, full-motion video, or animation, into a computer-based application.

Back 28

multimedia

Front 29

Techonlogy for transferring data so that they can be processed as a steady and continuous stream.

Back 29

streaming technology

Front 30

Compression standard that can compress audio files for transfer over the Internet with virtually no loss in quality.

Back 30

MP3 (MPEG3)

Front 31

Largest catagory of computer, used for major business processing.

Back 31

mainframe

Front 32

Middle-size computer that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smallerorganizations or of managing networks of other computers.

Back 32

midrange computer

Front 33

Middle-range computer in systems for universities, factories, ofr research laboratories.

Back 33

minicomputer

Front 34

Computer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network.

Back 34

server

Front 35

Large group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers.

Back 35

server farm

Front 36

Small desktop or portable computer.

Back 36

personal computer (PC)

Front 37

Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated tasks at once.

Back 37

workstation

Front 38

Highly sophisticated an powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely reapidly.

Back 38

supercomputer

Front 39

The distribution fo computer processing work among multiple computers linked by a communication network.

Back 39

distributed processing

Front 40

Processing that is accomplished by one large central computer.

Back 40

centralized processing

Front 41

A model for computing that splits processing beween "clients" and "servers" on a network. assigning functions to the machine nost able to perform function.

Back 41

client/server computing

Front 42

The user point of entry for the required function in client/server computing. Normally a desktop computer, workstation, or laptop computer.

Back 42

client

Front 43

The process of tranferring applications from large computers to smaller ones.

Back 43

downsizing

Front 44

Simplified desktop computer that does not store software programs or data permanently. Users download whatever software or data they need forom a central computer over the Internet or an organization's own internal network.

Back 44

network computer (NC)

Front 45

Form of distributed processing that links computers via the Internet or private networks so that they cna share dat or processing tasks.

Back 45

peer-to-peer computing

Front 46

Applying the resources of many computers in a network to a single problem

Back 46

grid computing

Front 47

The system software that manages and controls the activities of the computer.

Back 47

operating system

Front 48

Program instructions written in a high-level language that must be translated into machine language to be executed by the computer

Back 48

source code

Front 49

Special system software that translates a high-level language into machine language for execution by the computer.

Back 49

compiler

Front 50

The part of an operating system users interact with that uses graphic icons and the comuter mouse to issue commands and make selections.

Back 50

graphical user interface (GUI)

Front 51

Powerful Windows operating system that provides reliability, robustness, and ease of use for both corporate and home PC users.

Back 51

windows XP

Front 52

Earlier version of the Windows operating system that is closely integrated with the Internet.

Back 52

windows 98`

Front 53

Windows operating system for high-performance PCs and network servers. Supports networking, multitasking, multiprocessing, and Internet services.

Back 53

windows 2000

Front 54

Most recent Windows operating system for servers

Back 54

Windows Server 2003

Front 55

Operating system for all types of computers, which is machine independent and supports multiuser processing, multitasking, and networking. Used in high-end workstations and servers.

Back 55

UNIX

Front 56

Reliable and compactly designed operating system that is an offshoot of UNIX and that can run on many different hardware platforms and is availabel free or at very low cost. Used as alternative to UNIX and Windows NT.

Back 56

Linux

Front 57

Software that provides free access to its program code, allowing users to modify the program code to make improvements.

Back 57

open-source software

Front 58

A programming language consisting of the 1s and 0s of binary code.

Back 58

machine language

Front 59

Programming language for business applications tht can process large data files with alphanumeric characters.

Back 59

COBOL (COmmonon Business Oriented Language)

Front 60

A powerful programming language with tight control and efficiency of execution, portable across different microprocessors and used primarily with PCs.

Back 60

C

Front 61

Object-oriented version of the C programming language.

Back 61

C++

Front 62

Widely used visual programming tool and enviroment for creating applications that run on Microsoft Windows.

Back 62

Visual Basic

Front 63

The constuction of software programs by selection and arranging graphic or iconic elements rereesentin sections of program code.

Back 63

visual programming

Front 64

A programming language that can be employed directly by end users or less-skilled programmers to develop computer applications more rapidly than conventional programming languages.

Back 64

fourth-generation language

Front 65

Nonprocedural language that enables users to communicate with the computer using conversational commands resembling human speech.

Back 65

natural language

Front 66

Software tool that provides immediate online answers to requests for information that are not predefined.

Back 66

query language

Front 67

An approach to software development that combines data and procedures ingto a single object.

Back 67

object-oriented programming

Front 68

Programming Language that can deliver only the software functionality needed for a particular task, such as a small applet downloaded from a network, can run on any computer and operating system.

Back 68

Java

Front 69

Page description language for creating Web pages and other hypermedia documents.

Back 69

hypertext markup language (HTML)

Front 70

General-purpose language that decribes the structure of a document and support links to multiple documents, allowing data to be manipulted by the computer. Used for both Web and non-Web applications.

Back 70

XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

Front 71

Hybrid fo HTML and XML that provides more flexibility than HTML

Back 71

XHTML (Extensibel Hypertext Markup Language)

Front 72

A prewritten, precoded, commercially availabel set of programs that eliminates the need to write software programs for certain functions.

Back 72

software package

Front 73

Software for electronically creating, edition, formatting,and printing documents.

Back 73

word processing software

Front 74

Doftware for producing professional quality documents with capabilites for design, layout, and work with graphics

Back 74

desktop publishing software

Front 75

Software displaying data in a grid of colums and rows, cpaable of easily recalculating numerical data

Back 75

spreadsheet

Front 76

Software used for creating and manipulating lists, crating files and databases to store data, and combining information for reports.

Back 76

data management software

Front 77

Software to create professional-quality graphics presentiations that can incorporate charts, sound, andimation, photos,and video clips.

Back 77

presentation graphics

Front 78

A software package that combines two or more applications, such as word processing and spread sheets, providing for easy transfer of data between them.

Back 78

integrated software package

Front 79

Integrated desktop productivity software suites with capabilities for supporting collaborative work on the Web or incorporating information form the Web into documenments.

Back 79

Office 2000, Office XP, and Office 2003

Front 80

The computer-to-computer exchange of messages.

Back 80

electronic mail (e-mail)

Front 81

An easy-to-use software tool for accessing the WWW and the Internet.

Back 81

Web browser

Front 82

Software that provides functions and services that support the collaborative activities of workgroups

Back 82

groupware

Front 83

A system that has been in existence for a long time and that continues to be used to avoid the high cost of replacing or redesigning it.

Back 83

legacy system

Front 84

Software that connects two disparate applications, allowing them to communicate with each other and to exchange data.

Back 84

middleware

Front 85

Software that works with specific software platforms to tie together multiple applications to suport enterprise intergration.

Back 85

enterprise application intergration (EAI) software

Front 86

Set of universal standards using Internet technology for integrating different applications from different sources without time-consuming custom coding. Used for linking systems of different organizations or for linking disparate systems within the same organization.

Back 86

Web services

Front 87

Software that manages requests for Web pages on the computer where thay are stored and that delivers the page to the user's computer.

Back 87

Web server

Front 88

Software in a mult-tiered network that provides the business logic for handlingf all application operations between a user and an organization's back-end business systems.

Back 88

application server

Front 89

The process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated to ensure that adequate computing resources are available for work of different priorities and that the firm has enough computing power for its current and future needs.

Back 89

capacity planning

Front 90

The ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to serve a larger number of users without breaking down.

Back 90

scalability

Front 91

Designates the total cost of owning technology resources, including initial purchase costs, the cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and trainging.

Back 91

total cost of owenership (TCO)

Front 92

Third-party provider that orents out storage space to subscribers over the Web, allowing customers to store and access their data without having to purchase and maintain their own storage technology.

Back 92

storage service provider (SSP)

Front 93

Company providing software that can be rented by other companies over the Web or a private network.

Back 93

application service provider (ASP)

Front 94

Model of computing in which companies pay only for the information technology resources they actually see during a specified time period. Also called on-demand computing or usage-based pricing.

Back 94

utility comuting