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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) |
tropic hormone secreted from the hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary |
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Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) |
tropic hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
tropic hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary that stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex |
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Glucocorticoids |
steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex that regulate the body's response to stress; regulate protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism in a variety of tissues; and regulate blood glucose levels; the primary glucocorticoid is cortisol |
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Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) |
tropic hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary |
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Growth hormone (GH) |
peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; essential for normal growth |
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Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) |
peptide hormone secreted by the liver in response to growth hormone; promotes protein synthesis and growth; also known as somatomedin |
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Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) |
tropic hormone released by the hypothalamus that inhibits growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary; also called somatostatin |
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Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) |
a hypothalamic tropic hormone that stimulates the secretion of gonadotropins by the anterior pituitary |
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Gonadotropins |
two hormones- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)- that are secreted by the anterior pituitary and regulate gonadal function in either sex |
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
a gonado-tropic hormone that stimulates gametogenesis and regulates other gonadal functions in either sex |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
a gonadotropic hormone that stimulates sex hormone secretion and regulates other gonadal functions in either sex |
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Estrogens |
a class of sex hormones secreted by the ovaries |
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Progesterone |
a sex hormone secreted by the ovaries, primarily during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle |
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Androgens |
a class of sex hormones secreted by the testes |
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Pineal gland |
primary endocrine gland located in the brain; secretes the hormone melatonin |
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Circadian rhythm |
endogenous fluctuations in body functions that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
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Thyroid gland |
butterfly-shaped primary endocrine gland located on the ventral surface of the trachea; secretes tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin |
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Tetraiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine |
thyroid hormones |
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calcitonin |
peptide hormone released from C cells of the thyroid gland that regulates plasma calcium levels |
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Parathyroid glands |
primary endocrine glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland; secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
peptide hormone released from the parathyroid glands that regulate plasma calcium levels |
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Thymus |
primary endocrine gland located near the heart; secretes the hormone thymosin; also is the site of T lymphocyte maturation |
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Adrenal Gland |
primary endocrine gland located above the kidneys; divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla |
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Adrenal cortex |
outer portion of the adrenal gland; secretes adrenocorticosteroids |
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Mineralocorticoids |
steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex that regulate sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by the kidneys; the primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone |
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Glucocorticoids |
steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex that regulate the body's repsonse to stress; regulate protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism in a variety of tissues; and regulate blood glucose levels; the primary glucocorticoid is cortisol |
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Sex hormones |
steroid hormones including estrogens, progesterone and androgens secreted from the adrenal cortex and gonads, which regulate reproductive function and promote gametogenesis, growth and maintenance of reproductive organs, and development of secondary sex characteristics |
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Adrenal Medulla |
inner portion of the adrenal gland; secretes catecholamines |
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Pancreas |
a gland located in the abdominal cavity that performs endocrine and exocrine functions; secretes pancreatic juice and hormones, including insulin and glucagon |
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Insulin |
a peptide hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas; promotes metabolic processes of the absorptive state |
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Beta cells |
B lymphocytes |
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Glucagon |
a peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas; promotes metabolic processes of the postabsorptive state |
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Antagonism |
in the endocrine system, when on hormone opposes the actions of another hormone |
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Additive |
in the endocrine system, indicates that the effect of two hormones is simply the sum of the effects of each hormone |
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Synergistic |
pertaining to a process in which the net effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects |
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Permissiveness |
phenomenon in which one hormone is needed for another hormone to exert its actions |
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Partial Pressure |
the proportion of the pressure of an entire gas mixture that is due to the presence of an individual gas |
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Mixed Venous Blood |
blood in the pulmonary artery that includes a mixture of blood returning from all the systemic veins to the right atrium |
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Hypernea |
an increase in alveolar ventilation to match increased metabolic demands |
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Hyperventilation |
an increase in alveolar ventilation such that metabolic demands of the tissue are exceeded |
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Chemoreceptors |
receptors that monitor the concentrations of certain chemicals in various locations in the body |
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Peripheral chemoreceptors |
chemoreceptors located in the carotid arteries that respond to changes in arterial PO2, PCO2 and pH and are involved in regulating ventilation |
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Central chemoreceptors |
chemoreceptors located in the medullar oblongata that respond directly to changes in hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid and indirectly to arterial PCO2; function in regulating ventilation |
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Acidosis |
condition in which arterial blood pH is 7.35 or lower |
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Alkalosis |
condition in which arterial blood pH is 7.45 or greater |
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Respiratory Acidosis |
decrease in blood pH caused by increases in plasma carbon dioxide levels |
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Respiratory Alkalosis |
increase in blood pH caused by decreases in plasma carbon dioxide levels |
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Phrenic Nerve |
nerve that innervates the diaphragm |
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Intercostal Nerves |
spinal nerves that innervate the intercostal muscles of respiration |
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Inspiratory neurons |
CNS neurons that have an increased firing rate during inspiration |
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Expiratory neurons |
neurons in the CNS that increase their firing rate during expiration |
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Ventral Respiratory group |
respiratory control centre in the medulla; contains inspiratory and expiratory neurons |
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Dorsal Respiratory group |
respiratory control centre located on the dorsal side of the medulla; contains primarily inspiratory neurons |
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Pontine respiratory group |
respiratory centre of the pons containing both inspiratory and expiratory neurons |
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Central pattern generator |
in the respiratory system, the network of neurons responsible for establishing the breathing rhythm |
