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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Articles of Confederation
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firtst governing document of the United States. weak central government. replaced by the Constitution.
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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laid the foundation for future American land policy. After the Indian title had been purchased, the ceded lands were to be systematically surveyed, prior to sale or settlement, into townships. Of the thirty-six sections of 640 acres in each township, the sixteenth was reserved “for the maintenance of public schools.’‘
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Northwest Ordinance
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Measures enacted by the U.S. Congress for the division and settlement of the Northwest Territory, the frontier region extending north of the Ohio River to the Great Lakes and west of Pennsylvania to the Mississippi River. The original ordinance, written by Thomas Jefferson, divided the territory into self-governing districts and set population requirements for statehood. The final ordinance, written partly by Rufus King, set land-grant sizes and prices, provided public land for schools, outlawed slavery, and guaranteed civil liberties. It established the principle of admitting new states on equal terms with the original 13 states.
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Constitutional Convention
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The year was 1787. The place: the State House in Philadelphia, the same location where the Declaration of Independence had been signed 11 years earlier. For four months, 55 delegates from the several states met to frame a Constitution for a federal republic that would last into "remote futurity." This is the story of the delegates to that convention and the framing of the federal Constitution.
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Theory of State Sovereignty
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legal principle that US states have the right to prevent the application of programs and regulations of the Federal government.
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Know the history of state constitutions
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they are the fundamental blueprints for the legal and political organizations of their respective sovereign entities. describe the details of structure and process of those governmental powers not delegated to the federal government. Many state constitutions also address very specific issues deemed by the states to be of sufficient importance to be included in the constitution rather than in an ordinary statute.
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Society of the Cincinnati
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Hereditary, military, and patriotic organization formed in 1783 by officers who had served in the American Revolution. The group's aims were to promote union, maintain war-forged friendships, and help members in need. Membership was offered to all officers and their eldest male descendants. George Washington was its first president.
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San Souci Club
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a club for veterans in Boston
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Primogeniture
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the state of being the firstborn of the children of the same parents. an exclusive right of inheritance belonging to the eldest son
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John Woolman
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Best known for his Journal and for his antislavery efforts, he became involved in peace issues during the French and Indian War, becoming a war tax refuser, and joining others in 1755 in signing An Epistle of Tender Love and Caution. In 1759, he wrote a second letter, sometimes called the Pacifist Epistle. In response to the draft, Woolman emphasized principled objection, decrying objectors who merely “pretend scruple of conscience.” He did not refuse to quarter soldiers, but would not accept pay, explaining that he acted “in passive obedience to authority.” During the frontier violence after the war, he visited the Indians at Wyalusing, Pennsylvania, “to feel and understand the spirit they live in” and to promote peaceful relations. His essay A Plea for the Poor shows unusual insights into the causes of war, urging people to look at their possessions and “try whether the seeds of war have any nourishment in them.”
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Federalist Number 10
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is an essay by James Madison and the tenth of the Federalist Papers, a series arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution
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Shays Rebellion
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post-Revolutionary clash between New England farmers and merchants that tested the precarious institutions of the new republic, threatened to plunge the "disunited states" into a civil war. The rebellion arose in Massachusetts in 1786, spread to other states, and culminated in the rebels' march upon a federal arsenal. It wound down in 1787 with the election of a more popular governor, an economic upswing, and the creation of the Constitution of the United States in Philadelphia.
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Virginia Plan
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called for a two-house legislature with representation of each state based on its population or wealth.
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Committee of Detail
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was a committee established by the Philadelphia Convention on June 23, 1787 to put down a draft text reflecting the agreements made by the Convention up to that point, including the Virginia Plan's 15 resolutions. It was chaired by John Rutledge, and other members included Edmund Randolph, Oliver Ellsworth, James Wilson, and Nathaniel Gorham. The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of this committee. This report, when made, constituted the first draft of the United States Constitution, and much of what was contained in the final document was present in this draft.
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Nationalists vs Localists
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There has always been a latent conflict between those who think the US should be a nation and those who regard it as a federation. The nationalist impulse co-exists along with a wish for strong, autonomous, local communities. Depending on historical circumstances, this conflict has taken different forms. Modern American history begins with the revolution of 1776.
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Federalists vs Anti-Federalists – (who is on which side)
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Federalists agreed with the ratification of the Constitution as Anti-Federalists did not agree with the ratification.
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Jay-Gardoqui Treaty
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between the United States and Spain guaranteed Spain's exclusive right to navigate the Mississippi River for 30 years. It also opened Spain's European and West Indian seaports to American shipping. However, the Treaty was not ratified under the Articles of Confederation.
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Montesquieu – The Spirit of Laws
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covering a wide range of topics in politics, the law, sociology, and anthropology and providing more than 3,000 citations.[1] In this political treatise Montesquieu advocates constitutionalism and the separation of powers, the abolition of slavery, the preservation of civil liberties and the rule of law, and the idea that political and legal institutions ought to reflect the social and geographical character of each particular community.[1]
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3/5 Compromise
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for every 5 slaves they would be counted as 3 free men.
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Federalist #84
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an essay entitled "Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered," is one of the Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton, published under the pseudonym Publius on May 28, 1788.
Federalist No. 84 is notable for presenting the idea that a Bill of Rights was not a necessary component of the proposed United States Constitution. The Constitution, as originally written, did not specifically enumerate or protect the rights of the people. |
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William Paterson
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was a New Jersey statesman, a signer of the U.S. Constitution, and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, who served as the 2nd governor of New Jersey, from 1790 to 1793.
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Republican
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a form of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is generally associated with the rule of law
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Benjamin Banneker
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was a free African American astronomer, mathematician, surveyor, almanac author and farmer.
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Phyllis Wheatley
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enslaved at the age of eight, is widely known as the first African-American woman in United States' history to have her poetry published. Constant themes in Wheatley's poems are death, religion, and the struggle of blacks in the U.S
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Society for the Relief of Free Negroes
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the first American organization dedicted to abolition was formed on this day in 1775 in Philadelphia. Among its organizers were Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin, who would eventually become its president.
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Henry Knox
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was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, and also served as the first United States Secretary of War.
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Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania
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is a series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickinson (1732–1808) and published under the name "A Farmer" from 1767 to 1768. The twelve letters were widely read and reprinted throughout the thirteen colonies, and were important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts. The success of his letters earned Dickinson considerable fame
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New Jersey Plan
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was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government proposed by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.[1] The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan's call for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population or direct taxes paid.[2] The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the larger states, and so proposed an alternate plan that would have given one vote per state for equal representation under one legislative body (i.e., a Unicameral Legislature). This was a compromise for the issue of the houses.
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Anti-Federalists
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is a political philosophy which opposes the concept of Federalism. In short, Anti-Federalists dictate that the central governing authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to, but not having more power than, its sub-national states (state government
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Bill of Rights
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is the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known.[1] They were introduced by James Madison to the First United States Congress in 1789 as a series of legislative articles, and came into effect as Constitutional Amendments on December 15, 1791, through the process of ratification by three-fourths of the States.
The Bill of Rights is a series of limitations on the power of the United States Federal government, protecting the natural rights of liberty and property including freedom of speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association. In federal criminal cases, it requires indictment by a grand jury for any capital or "infamous crime", guarantees a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury composed of members of the state or judicial district in which the crime occurred, and prohibits double jeopardy. In addition, the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution.[2] and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States. |
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Robert Morris
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was an American merchant, and signer of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. He was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly and became the Chairman of the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety and a member of the Second Continental Congress where he served as the Chairman of the Secret Committee and as a member of the Committee of Correspondence.
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John Jay
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was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, and the first Chief Justice of the United States (1789 - 95).
Jay served as the President of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1779. During and after the American Revolution, Jay was a minister (ambassador) to Spain and France, helping to fashion United States foreign policy, and to secure favorable peace terms from the United Kingdom (with Jay's Treaty of 1794) and the First French Republic. Jay also co-wrote the Federalist Papers, along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. |
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James Madison
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he participated in the framing of the Virginia Constitution in 1776, served in the Continental Congress, and was a leader in the Virginia Assembly.
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Governor Morris
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was an American statesman, a Founding Father of the United States, and a native of New York who represented Pennsylvania in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He was also an author of large sections of the Constitution of the United States and one of its "signers". He is widely credited as the author of the document's preamble: "We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union ... " and has been called the 'Penman of the Constitution
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Status of Slavery
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slavery was just in the south with some farmers letting their slaves go free. slavery in the north was not agreed with.
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