Chapter 6

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

Process through which experience causes permanent change in knowledge or behavior

Front 2

Behavioral learning theories

Back 2

Explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable behaviors.

Front 3

Contiguity

Back 3

Association of two events because of repeated pairing

Front 4

Stimulus

Back 4

Event that activates behavior.

Front 5

Response

Back 5

Observable reaction to a stimulus

Front 6

Classical Conditioning

Back 6

Association of automatic responses with new stimuli. (i.e fear, salivation,muscle tension, etc.)

Front 7

Respondents

Back 7

Responses(generally automatic or involuntary) elicited by specific stimuli.

Front 8

Neutral Stimulus

Back 8

Stimulus not connected to a response.

Front 9

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 9

Stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response

Front 10

Unconditioned response

Back 10

Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response

Front 11

Conditioned response

Back 11

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Front 12

Operants

Back 12

voluntary (and generally goal-directed) behaviors emitted by a person or an animal.

Front 13

Operant conditioning

Back 13

Learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents.

Front 14

Antecedents

Back 14

Events that precede an action.

Front 15

Consequences

Back 15

Events that follow an action.

Front 16

Reinforcement

Back 16

Use of consequences to strengthen behavior.

Front 17

Reinforcer

Back 17

Any event that follows a behavior and increases the chances that the behavior will occur again.

Front 18

Positive Reinforcement

Back 18

Strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behavior

Front 19

Negative reinforcement

Back 19

Strengthening behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs

Front 20

Aversive

Back 20

Irritating or unpleasant

Front 21

Punishment

Back 21

Process that weakens or suppresses behavior.

Front 22

Presentation punishment

Back 22

Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by presenting an aversive stimulus following the behavior; also called Type I punishment.

Front 23

Removal Punishment

Back 23

Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior; also called Type II punishment.

Front 24

Continuous reinforcements schedule

Back 24

Presenting a reinforcer after every appropriate response.

Front 25

Intermittent reinforcement schedule

Back 25

Presenting a reinforcer after some but not all responses.

Front 26

Interval schedule

Back 26

Length of time between reinforcers.

Front 27

Ratio Schedule

Back 27

Reinforcement based on the number of responses between reinforces.

Front 28

Stimulus control

Back 28

Capacity for the presence or absence of antecedents to cause behaviors.

Front 29

Effective instruction delivery

Back 29

Instructions that are concise, clear, and specific, and that communicate an expected result. Statements work better than questions.

Front 30

Cueing

Back 30

Providing a stimulus that "sets up" a desired behavior

Front 31

Prompt

Back 31

A reminder that follows a cue to make sure the person reacts to the cue.

Front 32

Applied Behavior Analysis(ABA)

Back 32

the application of behavioral learning principles to understand and change behavior.

Front 33

Behavior Modification

Back 33

Systematic application of antecedents and consequences to change behavior.

Front 34

Premack principle

Back 34

Principle stating that a more-preferred activity can serve as a reinforcer for a less-preferred activity.

Front 35

Shaping

Back 35

Reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal or behavior.

Front 36

Successive approximations

Back 36

Small components that make up a complex behavior.

Front 37

Task analysis

Back 37

System for breaking down a task hierarchically into basic skills and subskills.

Front 38

Positive practice

Back 38

practicing correct responses immediately after errors.

Front 39

Reprimands

Back 39

Criticisms for misbehavior; rebukes.

Front 40

Response cost

Back 40

Punishment by loss of reinforcers.

Front 41

Social isolation

Back 41

Removal of a disruptive student for 5 to 10 minutes.

Front 42

Time out

Back 42

Technically, the removal of all reinforcement. In practice, isolation of a student from the rest of the class for a brief time.

Front 43

Good behavior game

Back 43

Arrangement where a class is divided into teams and each team receives demerit points for breaking agreed-upon rules of good behavior.

Front 44

Group consequences

Back 44

Rewards or punishments given to a class as a while for adhering to or violating rules of conduct.

Front 45

Contingency Contract

Back 45

A contract between the teacher and a student specifying what the student must do to earn a particular reward or privilege.

Front 46

Token reinforcement system

Back 46

System in which tokens earned for academic work and positive classroom behavior can be exchanged for some desired reward.

Front 47

Functional behavioral assessment (FBA)

Back 47

Procedures used to obtain information about antecedents, behaviors, and consequences to determine the reason or function of the behavior.

Front 48

Positive behavior supports (PBS)

Back 48

Interventions designed to replace problem behaviors with new actions that serve the same purpose for the student.

Front 49

Precorrection

Back 49

A tool for positive behavior supported that involves identifying the context for a student's misbehavior, clearly specifying the alternative expected behavior, modifying the situation to make the problem behavior less likely, then rehearsing the expected positive behaviors in the new context and providing powerful reinforcers.

Front 50

Social learning theory

Back 50

Theory that emphasizes learning through observation of others.

Front 51

social cognitive theory

Back 51

Theory that adds concern with cognitive factors such as beliefs, self-perceptions, and expectations to social learning theory.

Front 52

Observational learning

Back 52

learning by observation and imitation of others.

Front 53

Vicarious reinforcements

Back 53

Increasing the chances that we will repeat a behavior by observing another person being reinforced for that behavior.

Front 54

Self-reinforcement

Back 54

Controlling your own reinforcers.

Front 55

Self-management

Back 55

use of behavioral learning principles to change your own behavior.