Chapter 6-11

Front 1

mosaic

Back 1

discrete components

Front 2

fluid

Back 2

movement freely

Front 3

integral proteins

Back 3

-noncovalently bonded embedded

-move materials

-recieve chemical signals

Front 4

carbs

Back 4

-attached to proteins/lipids

-outside cell

-recognize specific signal molecules

Front 5

bio vs cell membranes

Back 5

-similar in structure

-differ in proteins and layers

Front 6

phospholipids differ

Back 6

-length of fatty acid chain

-degree of unsaturation

-polar groups present

Front 7

cholesterol

Back 7

-associates with fatty acids

-animal membranes

-membrane integrity

Front 8

membrane fluidity

Back 8

-decreases w temperature

-liquid

Front 9

integral membrane protein

Back 9

-embedded

-extends partially or completely

-hydrophilic/hydrophobic

-transmembrane extends thru

Front 10

peripheral proteins

Back 10

-on surface

-polar charged regions

Front 11

proteins

Back 11

freely or anchored

Front 12

glycolipid (carb)

Back 12

covalent bond to lipid (signal recognition)

Front 13

glycoprotein (carb)

Back 13

covalent bond to protein (cell recognition, adhesion)

Front 14

proteoglycan (carb)

Back 14

attaches to protein (adhesion)

Front 15

cell recognition

Back 15

cell specifically to another cell

Front 16

cell adhesion

Back 16

connection between 2 cells is strengthened

Front 17

homotypic

Back 17

binding of same cells

Front 18

heterotypic

Back 18

binding of different cells

Front 19

tight junction

Back 19

prevent substances from moving thru space between cells (bladder cells)

Front 20

desmosomes

Back 20

-hold neighboring cells firmly together

-mechanical stability for tissue (bone)

Front 21

gap junctions

Back 21

-channels between membrane pores of adjacent cells

-heart: spreads electric current with aid of ions

Front 22

selective permeability

Back 22

membrane dictates substances that exit or enter

Front 23

passive transport

Back 23

-no energy required

-energy comes from the difference in concentration gradients

-diffusion, osmosis

Front 24

active transport

Back 24

-energy required

-ATP

Front 25

diffusion

Back 25

random movement towards equilibrium

Front 26

simple diffusion

Back 26

-small molecules pass thru phospholipid bilayer

-hydrophobic, soluble in lipids, pass thru membranes

Front 27

osmosis

Back 27

diffusion of water

Front 28

hypertonic

Back 28

soluble with a higher solute concentration

Front 29

hypotonic

Back 29

soluble with a lower solute concentration

Front 30

isotonic

Back 30

soluble with an equal solute concentration

Front 31

water

Back 31

moves from hypotonic to hypertonic across membrane

Front 32

channel proteins

Back 32

intergral proteins form channels; substance specific

Front 33

carrier proteins

Back 33

binds to substances to speed up diffusion

Front 34

phagocytosis

Back 34

cellular eating

Front 35

pinocytosis

Back 35

cellular drinking

Front 36

signal transduction pathway

Back 36

sequence leading to cell's response to sequence

Front 37

chemical signals

Back 37

-made in 1 part of the body

-arrive at target cell (diffusion and circulation)

Front 38

autocrine (chem signal)

Back 38

diffuse to and affect cells that make them

Front 39

paracrine (chem signal)

Back 39

diffuse to and affect nearby cells

Front 40

juxtacrine (chem signals)

Back 40

signals bind to adjacent cells

Front 41

signal

Back 41

specific

Front 42

receptor(protein)

Back 42

only appropriate receptors can respond

Front 43

response

Back 43

-enzyme

-transcription factors

-activate or inactivate cell activity

Front 44

ligand

Back 44

specific signal molecule that attaches to protein receptor

Front 45

dissociation constant Ko

Back 45

measure of affinity of receptor for ligand

Front 46

membrane receptors

Back 46

used by polar or large ligands

Front 47

intracellular receptors

Back 47

small or nonpolar ligands that CAN cross membrane

Front 48

protein kinase cascade

Back 48

1 protein kinase activates the next

Front 49

secondary messenger

Back 49

nonprotein

Front 50

chemical reaction

Back 50

atoms have sufficient energy to combine or change bonding partners

Front 51

metabolism

Back 51

sum total of all chemical rx occurring in the bio system

Front 52

anabolism

Back 52

simple molecules to large molecules

Front 53

catabolism

Back 53

break down of large molecules

Front 54

potential energy

Back 54

-stored energy

-chemical bonds

-concentration gradient

-electrical charge imbalance

Front 55

kinetic energy

Back 55

-energy of movement

-does work

-heat: cause molecules to move, can break chemical bonds

Front 56

1st law of thermodynamics

Back 56

energy is neither created or destroyed, just converted

Front 57

2nd law of thermodynamics

Back 57

-energy is converted

-some energy becomes unavailable to do work

Front 58

entropy

Back 58

unstable or unusable energy; disorder

Front 59

total energy

Back 59

usable energy + unusable energy

(enthalpy (H))

Front 60

usable energy

Back 60

free energy (G)

Front 61

unusable energy

Back 61

entropy (S)

Front 62

free energy

Back 62

-growth

-maintnence

-cell division

Front 63

chemical equilibrium

Back 63

-forward and reverse reaction take place at the same rate

-no net change

Front 64

enzymes

Back 64

bio catatlyst

Front 65

substrates

Back 65

reactants

Front 66

active site

Back 66

site where substrate bind to enzyme

Front 67

inhibitors

Back 67

slow down reaction time

Front 68

natural inhibitor

Back 68

regulates metabloism

Front 69

artificial inhibitors

Back 69

used to kill pests or treat diseases

Front 70

irreversible inhibitor

Back 70

permanently inactivates the enzyme

Front 71

reversible inhibitor

Back 71

binds to the active site preventing the proper enzyme from binding

Front 72

allosteric inhibitor

Back 72

effector molecule binds on enzyme

Front 73

oxidation

Back 73

"reduction reaction"

Front 74

anaerobic

Back 74

glycolysis, fermentation

Front 75

aerobic

Back 75

cellular respiration, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle

Front 76

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 76

reoxidation of e- carriers in the presence of O2

Front 77

fermentation

Back 77

eukaryotes, cytoplasm

Front 78

reproductive signal

Back 78

start cell division

Front 79

segregation

Back 79

distribute DNA into new cells

Front 80

cytokinesis

Back 80

distributes enzymes/ organelles into the new cell

Front 81

binary fission

Back 81

-cell grows

-DNA replicates

-seperates cytoplasm

-2 new cells!

Front 82

ori

Back 82

start site

Front 83

ter

Back 83

end site

Front 84

mitosis

Back 84

-somatic cells

-diploid (2n)

-interphase- telophase

Front 85

meiosis

Back 85

-sex cells

-haploid(n)

-interphase- telophase ll

Front 86

gamete

Back 86

sex cells

Front 87

somatic cells

Back 87

body cells not for reproduction

Front 88

synapsis

Back 88

homologus chromosomes pair along their entire lengths

Front 89

chiasmata

Back 89

exchange of genetic material

Front 90

meiosis ll

Back 90

sister chromatids seperate

Front 91

independent assortment

Back 91

-genetic diversity

-random

Front 92

translocation

Back 92

piece of chromosome breaks off attaching to another (down syndrome)

Front 93

necrosis are damaged by...

Back 93

-toxins

-mechanical means

-starved of O2 or nutrients

Front 94

apoptosis

Back 94

programmed series of events

Front 95

tumors

Back 95

large masses of cells

Front 96

oncogene proteins

Back 96

positive regulators, overly active

Front 97

tumor surpressors

Back 97

negative regulators, halts cell cycle