Chapter 52 Fluid, Electrolytes, Acid-Base Balance

Front 1

Function of water in the body

Back 1

Medium for metabolic reactions; transporter for nutrients, waste products; lubricant; insulator; shock absorber; regulate and maintain body temp

Front 2

Factors affecting total body water

Back 2

age, sex, body fat
geriatric<adults<infants
women<men
adipose= no water; lean muscle= lots of water

Front 3

Intracellular fluid

Back 3

found within the cells of the body
2/3 total body fluid in adults

Front 4

Extracellular fluid

Back 4

found outside the cells
accounts for 1/3 total body fluid
divided into intravascular and intersitital

Front 5

Intravascular fluid

Back 5

AKA plasma
20% of ECF
found in vascular system

Front 6

Interstitial Fluid

Back 6

75% of ECF
surrounds the cells

Front 7

Other compartments of ECF

Back 7

Lymph
transcellular fluids (cerebrospinal, pleural, intraocular, pericardial, synovial fluids)

Front 8

What does intracellular fluid contain?

Back 8

Oxygen, electrolytes, glucose.

Front 9

Electrolyte

Back 9

Charged particles that are capable of conducting electricity

Front 10

Anion

Back 10

Ion that carries a negative charge

Front 11

Cation

Back 11

Ion that carries a positive charge

Front 12

Millequivalent

Back 12

Chemical combining power of the ion

Front 13

Major cations present in ICF

Back 13

potassium and magnesium

Front 14

Major anions present in ICF

Back 14

phosphate and sulfate

Front 15

Selectively permeable

Back 15

Ions, oxygen, carbon dioxide move easily across the membrane; larger molecules like glucose and proteins cannot

Front 16

Solute

Back 16

substance dissolved in a liquid

Front 17

Crystalloid

Back 17

salt that dissolves readily into true solution

Front 18

Colloid

Back 18

substance that doesn't readily dissolve into true solution

Front 19

Osmolality

Back 19

total solute concentration within a fluid compartment
measured as parts of solute per kg of water

Front 20

Isotonic

Back 20

0.9% NaCl

Front 21

Hypertonic

Back 21

>0.9%

Front 22

Hypotonic

Back 22

<0.9%

Front 23

Osmotic pressure

Back 23

the power of a solution to pull water across a semipermeable membrane

Front 24

Colloid osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure

Back 24

plasma proteins exert this pressure which holds water in plasma or pulls water from interstitial space to the vascular compartment when necessary

Front 25

Diffusion

Back 25

The movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from area of higher concentration to lower concentration

Front 26

Osmosis

Back 26

water molecules move from less concentrated area to the more concentrated area to equalize concentration of the solutions on either side of the membrane

Front 27

Filtration

Back 27

fluid and solutes move together across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.

Front 28

Active Transport

Back 28

movement of solutes across cell membranes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one.

Front 29

Average daily fluid intake

Back 29

2,500 mL

Front 30

Average daily fluid output

Back 30

2,300-2,600 mL

Front 31

Routes of fluid output

Back 31

urine
feces
noticeable loss thru skin
insensible losses

Front 32

Importance of electrolytes

Back 32

maintain fluid balance
contribute to acid-base regulation
facilitate enzyme reactions
transmitting neuromuscular reactions

Front 33

Sodium

Back 33

most abundant cation in ECF
normal levels 135-145 mEq/L
found in bacon, ham, processed cheese, table salt
controls and regulates water balance

Front 34

Potassium

Back 34

major cation in ICF
ICF levels 125-140 mEq/L
serum K levels 3-5 mEq/L
involved in ECF water balance and muscle activity
found in many fruits, veggies, meat, fish

Front 35

normal pH

Back 35

7.35-7.45

Front 36

Pa O2

Back 36

80-100 mmHg

Front 37

Pa CO2

Back 37

35-45 mmHg

Front 38

HCO3

Back 38

22-26 mEq/L

Front 39

normal O2 sat

Back 39

95-98%

Front 40

Calcium

Back 40

4.5-5.5 mEq/L
9-11 mg/dL
involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, neuromuscular and cardiac functions

Front 41

Magnesium

Back 41

1.5-2.5 mEq/L
1.6-2.5 mg/dL
for production and use of ATP intracellularly

Front 42

Chloride

Back 42

95-108 mEq/L
functions with sodium to regulate serum osmolality and blood volume, gastric juices as HCl

Front 43

Phosphate

Back 43

1.8-2.6 mEq/L
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
intracellular fluid anion, functioning of muscles, nerves and RBC's

Front 44

Bicarbonate

Back 44

22-26 mEq/L
ICF and ECF functions with acid base balance

Front 45

Hypovolemia

Back 45

isotonic fluid volume deficit as a result of abnormal losses thru skin, GI or kidney; decreased fluid intake; movement of fluid into third space

Front 46

Hypervolemia

Back 46

isotonic fluid volume overload with retention of both sodium and water due to excessive sodium intake

Front 47

Dehydration

Back 47

water is lost without significant loss of electrolytes. Fluid is pulled out of cells into the vascular space (cellular dehydration)

Front 48

Overhydration

Back 48

water is gained in excess of electrolytes so fluid is pulled into the cells causing them to swell

Front 49

Calcium and Magnesium imbalance

Back 49

act like sedatives

Front 50

Sodium imbalance

Back 50

brain upset

Front 51

Potassium imbalance

Back 51

the heart

Front 52

Respiratory Acidosis

Back 52

pH < 7.35
pCO2 > 45
HCO3 will increase

Front 53

Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 53

pH > 7.45
pCO2 <35
HCO3 will decrease

Front 54

Metabolic Acidosis

Back 54

pH < 7.35
pCO2 will decrease
HCO3 < 22

Front 55

Metabolic Alkalosis

Back 55

pH > 7.45
pCO2 will increase
HCO3 > 26

Front 56

Physiologic Homeostasis

Back 56

balance of fluids, electrolytes and acids and bases in the human body

Front 57

Thirst Center

Back 57

Located in hypothalamus.
Triggered by osmotic pressure of body fluids, antiotensin, and vascular volume

Front 58

Kidneys

Back 58

regulate volume and osmolality of ECF by regulating water and electrolyte excretion; also play role in acid base balance

Front 59

ADH

Back 59

responds to rising serum osmolality with increased reabsorption of water in the kidney

Front 60

RAAS

Back 60

specialized receptors in the kidney respond to changes in renal perfusion

Front 61

ANF

Back 61

released from the atrium in response to excess blood volume which promotes sodium wasting (acts as a diuretic)

Front 62

Regulation of acidotic pH via respiration

Back 62

increase respiratory rate and depth to blow off CO2

Front 63

Regulation of alkalotic pH via respiration

Back 63

decreased respiratory rate and depth to conserve CO2

Front 64

Renal Regulation of pH

Back 64

kidneys can selectively conserve or excrete HCO3 and H
kidney regulation is slow-takes hours to days to correct pH

Front 65

Fluid volume deficit (FVD)

Back 65

body loses both water and electrolytes from the ECF in similar proportions.
May be caused by: abnormal loses thru skin, GI; bleeding; decreased intake of fluid; movement of fluid to 3rd space

Front 66

Third space syndrome

Back 66

fluid shifts from vascular space to area not readily accessible. Causes isotonic fluid volume deficit. Example: bowel, injured tissue (burns), peritoneal or pleural cavity

Front 67

Fluid volume excess (FVE)

Back 67

body retains both water and sodium in similar proportions in ECF. aka Hypervolemia (increased blood volume)

Front 68

Edema

Back 68

excess interstitial fluid. prevalent in areas of low tissue pressure and high hydrostatic capillary pressure

Front 69

Hyponatremia

Back 69

sodium deficit lower than 135 mEq/L.
Decreases the serum osmolality. Affects brain and NS
less than 110 mEq/L dangerous

Front 70

Hypernatremia

Back 70

excess sodium, more than 145 mEq/L.
increased osmotic pressure of ECF moving water out of cells into ECF=dehydration.

Front 71

Hypokalemia

Back 71

K lost thru vomiting or gastric suction; potassium wasting diuretics