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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
absorption
passage of materials through the walls of the samll intestine into the bloodstream.
amino acids
Building blocks of proteins, produced when proteins are digested.
amylase
enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch.
anus
opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.
appendix
blind pouch handing from the cecum (in the right lower quadrant [RLQ]. It literally means handing (pend/o) on (ap-).
bile
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall (Latin bili meaning gall or anger), probably because it has a bitter taste. It is composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts.
billrubin
pigment release by the liver in bile.
bowel
intestine.
caine teeth
pointed, "dog tooth"-like (caine) teeth, next to (distal to) the incisors. Also called cuspids or eyeteeth.
cecum
first part of the large intestine.
colon
large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum.
common bile duct
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus.
defecation
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the rectum.
deglutition
swallowing.
dentin
major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cemetum in the root.
digestion
breakdown of complex food to simpler forms.
duodenum
first part of the small intestine. Duo = 2, den = 10; the duodenum measures 12 inches.
elimination
Act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials.
emulsification
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use the digest the fat.
enamel
hard outermost layer of the tooth.
enzyme
a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances. Enzymes are given names that end in -ase.
esophagus
Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso- means inward; phag/o means swallowing.
fatty acids
substances produced when fats are digested.
feces
solid wastes; stools.
gallbladder
small sac under the liver; stores bile. Remember: gallbladder is one word.
glucose
simple sugar
glycogen
starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.
hydrochloric acid
substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.
ileum
third part of the small intestine; from the Greek eilos, meaning twisted. When the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ileum often was an area of obstruction.
incisor
one of four front teeth in the dental arch.
insulin
hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.
jejunum
second part of the small intestine. The Latin jejunus means empty; this part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examined after death.
lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.
liver
a large organ locatged in the RUQ of the abdomen. The liver scretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. The normal adult liver weights about 2 1/2 to 3 pounds.
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called cardiac sphincter.
mastication
chewing.
molar teeth
the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth are the fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars.
plate
roof of the mouth. The hard plate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jaw bone (maxilla). The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat.
pancreas
organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for the digestion of foods).
papillae (singular; papilla)
small elevations on the tongue.
parotid gland
salivary gland within the check; just anterior to the ear.
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other tubular structures. Peristalsis moves the contents through the GI tract at different rates: stomach, 0.5 to 2 hours; small intestine, 2 to 6 hours; and colon, 6 to 72 hours. Peri- means surrounding; -stalsis is constriction.
pharynx
throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose.
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
protease
enzyme that digests protein.
pulp
soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscles at the end of the stomach, nedar the duodenum. From the Greek pyloros, meaning gatekeeper. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.
pylorus
Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum.
rectum
last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus.
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.
saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands.
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.
sigmoid colon
fourth and last s-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum.
sphincter
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.
stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomach's parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section).
triglycerides
Large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol.
uvula
Soft tissue handing from the middle of the soft palate. The Latin uva means grape.
villi (singular; villus)
microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.