Chapter 5 Variations In Consciousness

Front 1

What is consciousness?

Back 1

It is the awareness of internal and external stimuli.
- Personal Awareness
Awareness of local activity at any given moment
- It organizes behavior

Front 2

What does your consciousness include?

Back 2

1. Your awareness of external events ("The professor just asked me a hard question about medieval history)
2. Your awareness of internal sensations ("My heart is racing and I'm starting to sweat)
3. Your awareness of your self as the unique being having these experiences ("Why me?")
4. Your awareness of your thoughts about these experiences ("I'm going to make a full of myself")

Front 3

Biological rhythms

Back 3

They are periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning.

Front 4

Circadian rhythms

Back 4

They are the 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species

Front 5

How does the day-night cycle reset human biological clocks?

Back 5

Exposed to light --> retina sends direct inputs to small structure in hypothalamus (SCN) --> sends signals to pineal gland --> secretes hormone (melatonin) that adjusts clock

Front 6

What situations can mess up the circadian rhythm? (Internal desynchronization)

Back 6

- Jet lag (easier to fly westward and add hours to day)
- Rotating and life-night work shifts
- Illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs

Front 7

Can messing up circadian rhythms produce high incidence for physical diseases? If so, give examples.

Back 7

Yes.
- Cancer
- Diabetes
- Ulcers
- High blood pressure
- Heart disease

Front 8

Does temperature of body affect sleep?

Back 8

Yes. People fall asleep when temp begins to drop and awake as it begins to ascend. (Early vs. Late risers)

Front 9

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Back 9

It is a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by mean of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.

Front 10

Electromyograph (EMG)

Back 10

Records muscular activity and tension

Front 11

Electrooculograph (EOG)

Back 11

Records eye movements

Front 12

Electrocardiograph (EKG)

Back 12

Records contractions of the heart

Front 13

How many cycles of sleep are there? Describe them.

Back 13

Five stages.
1. Brief and transitional of light sleep. Breathing and heart rate slow. Muscle tension and body temp declines.
2. Respiration and hear rate plus muscle tension and body temp continue to decline.
3 & 4. "Slow-wave sleep"
5. REM

Front 14

Slow-wave sleep

Back 14

Consists of sleep stages 3 and 4, during which low frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings

Front 15

REM sleep

Back 15

Rapid Eye Movements. A deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming

Front 16

Non-REM sleep

Back 16

Consists of sleep stages 1-4, which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity

Front 17

What are the 4 EEG patterns?

Back 17

BATD
Beta - fast, normal waking thought, alert
Alpha - deep relaxation, meditation
Theta - light sleep
Delta - deep sleep, slow wave

Front 18

Why don't we move during sleep?

Back 18

- During REM, muscle tone is extremely relaxed so bodily movements are minimal
- The brainstem paralyzes

Front 19

How much REM sleep do infants get? Young adults?

Back 19

Infants: 50%
Young Adults: 20% - 25%

Front 20

Does growing older lead to poor sleep?

Back 20

No, as long as you remain healthy.

Front 21

Why do we need sleep?

Back 21

- Body maintenance
- Memory integration
- Evolution (safety; less exposure to danger)
- Energy conservation (male lions sleep up to 20 hours a day)

Front 22

Insomnia

Back 22

Refers to chronic problems in getting adequate sleep.
- Difficulty in falling asleep
- Difficulty in remaining asleep
- Persistent early-morning awakening

Front 23

Why are sedatives a poor-long range solution for Insomnia?

Back 23

- Possible to overdose
- Make people drowsy
- Continued use = less effective
- Withdrawal = Increased Insomnia
- Impair functioning

Front 24

Narcolepsy

Back 24

A disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods
- Falls asleep instantly (.05% of population)

Front 25

Sleep Apnea

Back 25

Involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.
- Person stops breathing for minimum 10 seconds
- Causes children behavior issues
- Alters heart rhythm
- Obesity may cause it or vice versa
- More likely to have a car accident

Front 26

Somnambulism (Sleep walking)

Back 26

Occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep.
- Occurs during first 3 hours of sleep
- Genetic disposition
- 15% children and 3% adults

Front 27

Night Terror

Back 27

When a person panics while sleeping.
- Occurs during stage 4

Front 28

Nightmares

Back 28

Bad dreams
- Occurs during REM sleep

Front 29

Hypnosis

Back 29

A systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility
- Passive relaxation
- Narrowed attention
- Enhanced fantasy
- DOES NOT increase accuracy of memory
- NOT a literal re-experiencing of long-past events

Front 30

Who is Franz Mesmer?

Back 30

Physician who claimed to cure people of illnesses (just stumbled upon the power of suggestion)
- "Mesmerized"

Front 31

Who was James Braid?

Back 31

He thought that hypnotism would be used as anesthetic.
- More powerful anesthetics were discovered and hypnotism dwindled

Front 32

What are some reasons where hypnosis is used?

Back 32

1. Anesthesia
2. Hallucinations
3. Disinhibition (make people do what they normally wouldn't do i.e. undressing in front of a crowd)
4. Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia (influence later behavior and have no memory of what happened)

Front 33

Psychoactive Drugs

Back 33

Chemical Substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
- 6 categories

Front 34

What are the 6 categories of psychoactive drugs?

Back 34

1. Narcotics
2. Sedatives
3. Stimulants
4. Hallucinogens
5. Cannabis
6. Alcohol

Front 35

Narcotics (Opiates)

Back 35

Drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain
EX: heroine, morphine
- Euphoria, relaxation, anxiety reduction, pain relief

Front 36

Sedatives

Back 36

Sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity
EX: Benzodiazepines
- Euphoria, relaxation, anxiety reduction, reduced inhibitions

Front 37

Stimulants

Back 37

Drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity
EX: Amphetamines, Cocaine
- Euphoria, excitement, increased alertness and energy, reduced fatigue
- Increase release of dopamine and norepinephrine by presynaptic neurons
- Interfere with reuptake of DA and NE from synaptic clefts

Front 38

Hallucinogens

Back 38

Diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most notable by distortion in sensory and perceptual experience
EX: LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin
- Increased sensory awareness, euphoria, altered perceptions, hallucinations, insightful experiences

Front 39

Cannabis

Back 39

The hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived
EX: Marijuana, Hashish, THC
- Mild euphoria, relaxation, altered perceptions, enhanced awareness
- low doses of THA depend on social cues, high doses do not

Front 40

Alcohol

Back 40

Encompasses a wide variety of beverages containing ethyl alcohol
EX: beers, wines, distilled spirits
- Mild euphoria, relaxation, anxiety reduction, reduced inhibitions

Front 41

The reactions of drugs depends on what factors?

Back 41

- Body weight
- Metabolism
- Arousal
- Expectations
- Tolerance
- Mood
- Motivation

Front 42

What are two types of Tolerance?

Back 42

Physiological and Psychological/ Environmental

Front 43

Physical dependence

Back 43

Exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness
- Fever, chills, tremors, convulsions, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, and severe aches and pains

Front 44

Psychological dependence

Back 44

Exists when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving
- More subtle, but the need it creates is more powerful
- Environment can affect tolerance too. Where and with whom one uses a drug

Front 45

What are 3 principal risks that can affect physical health? Describe them

Back 45

1. Overdose (Respi. System causes coma, brain damage, heart issues, and death)
2. Direct effects (Tissue damage and possible development of psychoses)
3. Indirect Effects (Don't eat/ sleep properly, accidental injuries, diseases (AIDS), car accidents)

Front 46

Manifest content of dreams

Back 46

Consciously experience

Front 47

Latent content of dreams

Back 47

Unconscious wishes symbolized in dream

Front 48

What did Freud say about dreams?

Back 48

They can be simple, or tell us about important hidden facets of unconscious.
- Principal purpose is wish fulfillment

Front 49

What did Cartwright say about dreams?

Back 49

They let us work through problems at night.

Front 50

What did Hobson say about dreams?

Back 50

They are a product of bursts of activity.
- Side effect of pons firing and cortical interpretation of random signals
--> Critics point out that without pons, dreams still occur, able to dream in REM, and dreams have more meaning than just random

Front 51

What are two types of sleep?

Back 51

NREM (in response to physical demands)
REM (sleep to emotional)