Chapter 5 Police Powers And Decision Making

Front 1

What are the main difficulties when citizens make contact with police?

Back 1

Many individuals don't know their own individual rights, which could be problematic for new immigrants, seniors, or individuals with disabilities.

Front 2

What sources do police derive their powers from?

Back 2

Statute Law, Case Law, Common Law and Municipal bylaws. ex. Criminal Code. Section 495- provides authorities to arrest.

Front 3

What single piece of legislation has the greatest impact on powers and activities of policing?

Back 3

Charter of Rights and Freedom.

Front 4

What does the Charter allow the accused to challenge?

Back 4

The accused have the right to challenge the actions of the police in situations where those rights might have been violated.

Front 5

Name 6 safe guards in the charter of rights

Back 5

1)police can not use certain investigation techniques without judicial authorization

2) if evidence is gathered illegally, it can be excluded from if it would cause a disrepute

3) defendants who feel that police/prosecutors used unfair tactics can plead no guilty and cite abuse of process as a defence.

4) Severe restrictions have been placed with placing an undercover officer in a jail cell to elicit evidence from a criminal suspect.

5) All information regarding the case investigation must be disclosed to the defence attorney

6) Warrantless searches are deemed to be unreasonable, Police officers must clearly state the reason for conducting a search without a warrant.

Front 6

What is an Arrest Warrant?

Back 6

Document that permits a police officer to arrest a specific person for a specified reason.

Front 7

What is information in the court of law?

Back 7

A written statement sworn by an informant alleging that a person has committed a specific criminal offence.

Front 8

What is a search warrant?

Back 8

A document that permits the police to search the premises and take items that might be evidence of a crime.

Front 9

What is one plus one (Use of Force)?

Back 9

The generally accepted use-of-force standard that police officers have the authority to use one higher level of force than that with which they are confronted

Front 10

What is Suicide by cop?

Back 10

Instances in which despondent individuals act in a manner calculated to force police to use lethal force.

Front 11

What is discretion?

Back 11

The freedom to choose among different options when confronted with the need to make a decision.

Front 12

What is typifications?

Back 12

Constructs based on a patrol officer's experience that denote what is typical about people and events routinely encountered.

Front 13

What is recipes for action?

Back 13

The actions typically taken by patrol officers in various kinds of encounter situations.

Front 14

What is the definition of discrimination?

Back 14

distinction in favor of or against a person or thing based on the group, class or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit.

Front 15

What is bias-free policing?

Back 15

The requirement that police officers make decisions "based on reasonable suspicion or probable grounds rather than stereotypes about race, religion, ethnicity, gender, or other prohibited grounds"

Front 16

What is racial profiling?

Back 16

The targeting of individual members of a particular racial group, on the basis of the supposed criminal propensity of the entire group.

Front 17

What is the principle of accountability?

Back 17

The actions of police officers and police services are subject tor review (and) there are formal channels that individuals can use to lodge complaints against the police.

Front 18

What do suspects need to be informed upon arrest?

Back 18

Suspects who are detained or arrested must be informed of their rights under the Charter.

Front 19

In carrying out their tasks, what are Canadian police offices required to do?

Back 19

They are required to adhere to codes of conduct and to principles of ethics

Front 20

What is a key feature of policing?

Back 20

The exercise of discretion

Front 21

What balance must be maintained between crime control and due process?

Back 21

The power of the police to search people, places and seizing evidence.

Front 22

Do Canadian courts allow the defence of entrapment? Why or why not?

Back 22

Canadian courts have generally not allowed the defence of entrapment which requires there to have been a clear abuse of process.

Front 23

Where is the legal authority of the police to use force found?

Back 23

In the Criminal Code.

Front 24

What serves as a guildeline for police officers in use-of-force situations?

Back 24

The force options framework serves as a guildeline for police officers in use-of-force situations.

Front 25

What is the controversy surrounding the use of tasers?

Back 25

The use of tasers as a less-lethal force option.

Front 26

What is a requirement of standard police procedures when responding to an incident engaging in continual risk.

Back 26

Standard police procedures require that officers responding to an incident engage in a continual risk assessment of the situations in determining the appropriate level of force to be used.

Front 27

A number of high profile incidents are raising awareness of what issues?

Back 27

The issues surrounding the use of force and PwMI have heightened awareness in high-profile incidents.

Front 28

What influences the exercise of discretion by police officers in encountering situations?

Back 28

A variety of different factors.

Front 29

What are the ongoing concerns towards the biases that police officers have?

Back 29

Their treatment towards people of visible and cultural minorities have had ongoing concerns.

Front 30

What is an example of police discrimination?

Back 30

The "Starlight Tours" in Saskatchewan are an example of police discrimination.

Front 31

What police activities are overseen by?

Back 31

Police activities are overseen by a variety of commissions, boards, and agencies established under provincial police acts.