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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classical conditioning |
learning through an association a neutral + unconditioned stimulus = makes neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus |
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stimulus generalization |
the conditioned response in generalized to all things similar to stimulus. ex. becoming afraid of all dogs due to one attack. |
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Stimulus discrimination |
the conditioned response is kept at that same and specific stimulus. ex. becoming afraid of specific dogs |
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"Little Albert" |
ex. of conditioning Lil Al introduced to white rate and adding loud gong after showing white rat. Fear is the conditioned + unconditioned response |
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Operant Conditioning |
involves learning response that produce changes or consequences in the environment.
B.F Skinner |
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Skinner Box |
small box where an animal can be reinforced with food to make a specific response, such as pressing a lever. Rate of response is systematically recorded. |
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Reinforcement |
repeating responses that are followed by favorable consequences (effect)
positive reinforcing if the rate or probability or a response increases after it is presented |
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Negative Reinforcers |
averse stimuli (pain, anxiety) ex. rat presses lever, which removes an electric shock./ person learns to turn on a fan or air conditioners when
removal of a negative situation |
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Positive reinforcer |
satisfying basic biological needs and drives |
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2ndary reinforcers |
acquire value through learning
things you don't need to survive but just want (money, more knowledge) |
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Discriminative stimulus (DI) in a Skinner Box |
When light shines (DI), food is given when an animal performs desired response ( pressing the lever)
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Shaping |
Operant conditioning usually established through a gradual process, involves the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation to a desired response.
More advanced way of learning that takes more than just one step |
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Schedules of reinforcement |
Fixed Ratio - high resistance to extinction
Variable Ratio - Higher resistance to extinction
Fixed Interval - lower resistance to extinction
Variable Interval - Higher resistance to extinction
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Escape Learning |
Learning to get out of undesirable situations |
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Avoidance |
avoiding undesirable situation |
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Punishment |
1. present with unpleasant stimulus ex. eating hot pepper
2. removing reinforcing stimulus ex. getting grounded ; removal of tv |
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Cognitive Learning |
learning not just by physically, but mentally drawing a picture and solving before you actually physically do something.
Insight- an "Aha!" moment ... |
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Latent Learning |
A type of cognitive learning
learning without any conscious awareness or practice |
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Observational Learning |
Albert Bandura
self explanatory |
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CHAPTER 6: Remembering
three key process |
1. Encoding - converting info into usable memory
2. Storage - retaining info in memory
3. Retrieval - bringing back information stored in memory |
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Three ways of encoding |
1. acoustically - by sound, melody
2. visually - forming visual image
3. Semantically - focusing on meaning of the info, such as remembering a new vocab word by using it in a sentence |
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Storage and retrieval cues |
where memory is stored
favoritism shown towards specific words |
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Memory stages (3) |
Sensory - few seconds visual - iconic auditory - echoic
Short term - up to 30 seconds
Long term - unlimited capacity,
Consolidation - when unstable, new memories convert to stable long-term memories |
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Semantic Network |
A word doesn't just belong to one brain cell, but is wired throughout many cells and cell networks
one word reminds you of other similiar words |
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Types of Long Term Memory |
Declarative - facts
Procedural - motor skills, actions such as riding a bike, |
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Types of Declarative Memory |
1. Semantic - facts
2. Episodic - personal experiences |
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Time Frame of Declarative Memory |
Retrospective - memories of the past what you did yesterday
Prospective - memories of future actions what you will do tomorrow |
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Constructionist Theory |
Memories aren't perfect can be distorted into different construction
Misinformation effect - false info given can distort previous true info |
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Flashbulb Memory |
memories made during traumatic times, lots of emotion |
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Forgetting 6.2 |
Herman Ebbinghaus - Decay Theory is the theory of memories decaying but if false |
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Interference Theory |
Retroactive Inter. - memories of the past get messed up by new memories
Proactive Inter. - memories trying to form are blocked by older memories |
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Serial Positioning effect |
Primacy effect - things that are first are easier to remember due to low interference before
Recency effect - things that are last are easier to remember due to nothing interfering later on |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
memory loss of things before incident |
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Anterograde |
can't make new memories |
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Anatomy of making memories |
short term memories turn into long term memories in hippocampus and thalamus
Amygdala- memories associated with emotion are better remembered |
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Long term Potential |
long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along specific neural pathways
synaptic gap strengthens by repeated stimulation |
