Chapter 5 - Lab

Front 1

4 Tissue Types

Back 1

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and muscle tissue.

Front 2

All four tissues have two main components.

Back 2

1. Cell, which are unique for each tissue type; and,
2. Extracellular matrix (ECM), which is produced largely by the tissue 's cells.

ECM has 2 components: A ground substance and protein fibers.

1. Ground substance is a gelations substance that contains water, ion, nutrients, large polysaccharides, and glycoporteins. It enables the tissue to resist compression.

2. Protein fibers: are found within the ground substance and give the tissue distensibility and tenison resistance.

Front 3

Simple Epithelial Tissues

Back 3

have one only one layer of cells and includes: a. Simple squamous epithelium b. Simple cuboidal epithelium, and c. Simple columnar epithelium. These tissues are our covering and lining tissues. They are found covering body surfaces, lining body passageways, lining body cavities, and forming glands.

Front 4

Stratified epithelial tissue

Back 4

They have two our more layers of cells and have the following: 1. stratified squamous epithelium, 2. stratified nonkeratinized epithelium, and 3. stratified cuboidal epithelium and straified columnar epithelium (these two types are rare).

Front 5

Simple squamous epithelial

Back 5

consists of of a single layer of flat cells with a flattened nucleus. Found where substances have to cross the epithelium quickly, such as the air sacs in lungs.

Front 6

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 6

are about as wide as they are tall , with a round, central nucleus. Found in the linings of glands such as the thyroid, certain respiratory passages, and kidneys.

Front 7

Simple columnar epithelium

Back 7

taller than they are wide, with round nuclei located near the base of the cell. Found in certain respiratory passages, much of the digestive tract, and the genitourinary tract. The surfaces often contain cilia or are folded into microvilli.

Front 8

Stratified squamous epithelium of 2 varieties

Back 8

consists of many layers of flattened cells. 1. stratified squamous keratinized epithelium - made of cells called keratinocytes that produce hard protein keratin. They are well structured and resist mechanical stress. They are found in the outer layer of the skin where they protect deeper tissues. (more superficial cells are dead and are filled with keratin. this is because they are far away from the blood supply and deeper in the tissue.

2. stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium: no keratin and located in places subject to lesser degrees of mechanical stress. Found in the oral cavity, th epharynx, the anus, and the vagina. The superficial cells are alive and much different in appearence than those of keratinized epithelium.

Front 9

Stratified cuboidal epithelium and stratified columnar epithelium.

Back 9

Both are rare and found in the lining of the ducts of certain glands.

Front 10

Transitional epithelium

Back 10

Is stratified but is not classified by its shape because its cells can change shape. The apical or surface cells are dome-shaped, but when the tissue is stretched they are squamous in appearance . Found in the lining of urinary bladder and ureters.

Front 11

Pseudostratified ciliated Columnar epithelium

Back 11

has the appearance of having many layers, but actually only has one layer. It usually has cilia, and the cell shape is always columnar. It is found in the lining of the nasal cavity and much of the respiratory track.

Front 12

Basement Membrane

Back 12

The basement membrane is the fusion of two lamina, the basal lamina and the reticular lamina (or lamina reticularis).

Front 13

Epithelium are avascular

Back 13

They have no blood vessels to supply them directly and rely on oxygen and nutrients diffusing up from deeper tissues. For this reason, they can only be certain layers of thickness. If they are too thick, oxygen and nturients will not reach the more superficial cells, and they will die.

Front 14

Connective Tissue:

Back 14

Found throughout the body. Have a variety of functions, but blood is the exception. All stem from and embryonic tissue called mesenchyme. Typically, connective tissue has few cells and have extensive ECM consisting of a ground substance and three main types of protein fibers. See following for listing of these protein fibers.

Front 15

Ground substance

Back 15

is an amorphous gel-like substance surrounding the cells. It is formed by the non-fibrous components of the extracellular matrix.

Front 16

Collagen Fiber

Back 16

composed of the thick protein collagen, which gives a tissue tensile strength.

Front 17

Elastic fiber

Back 17

composed of the protein elastin, which makes a tissue distensible.

Front 18

Reticular fiber

Back 18

interwoven fibers that form networks that support blood vessels, nerves, and other structures.

Front 19

4 types of connective tissues

Back 19

1. connective tissue proper, 2. cartilage, 3. Bone 4. Blood

Front 20

Connective Tissue Proper

Back 20

The most widely distributed class of connective tissue in the body, consists of scatter cells call fibroblasts that secrete an extensive ECM filled with many types of proteins. It is highly vascular with an extensive blood supply. It has six subclasses.

Front 21

Loose Connective Tissue

Back 21

Loose connective tissue is a category of connective tissue which includes areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and adipose tissue.

Front 22

Dense Connective Tissues

Back 22

Primarily consist of collagen fibers. Includes the following: Dense regular collagenous, dense irregular collagenous, and dense elastic.

Front 23

cartilage

Back 23

is tough, but flexible tissue reistant to tension, twisting , and compressive. Is avascular. It consist of cells called chondrocytes located in cavities called lacunae embedded in the ECM. There are three types and each has a different ECM composition. They include 1. Hyaline cartilage, 2. fibrocartilage, and 3. elastic cartilage

Front 24

Bone

Back 24

also called "osseous tissue, consists of bone cells called osteocytes encased in an ECM that contains collagen fibers and calcium hydroxyapatite crystals. The ECM is arranged in concentri layers called lamellae with the osteocytes sandwiched between them. This structure that makes bone the hardest tissue in the body and the most resist to mechanical stress.

Front 25

Blood

Back 25

Unique in that it is the only connective tissue that doesn't actually connect anything physically. It consists of cells called erythrocytes (red blood cells) and white blood cells (leukocytes), cellular fragments called platelets, and an ECM called plasma.

Front 26

Muscle Tissue

Back 26

Located in the skeletal muscle, in the walls of hollow organs, in the heart, and other locations such as the iris of the eye. Consist of muscle cells called myocytes or muscle fibers, and a small amount of ECM call endomysium. Easy to discern from other forms of tissues. There are three types: skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue.

Front 27

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Back 27

the myocytes of skeletal muscle tissue are long, tubular, and striated (striped) in appearance. The striations result from the arrangement of proteins within the muscle fiber call myofilaments. Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from the fusion of cells called myoblasts and for this reason have multiple nuclei.

Front 28

Cardiac muscle tissue

Back 28

Myocytes of cardiac muscle tissue located in the heart, are short fat striated, and tend to be branching. Adjacent myocytes are linked by specialized junctions called interccalated disks that contain desmosomes and gap junctions caridac myocytes typically have only one nucleus, but some may have two or more.

Front 29

Smooth muscle tissue

Back 29

Myocytes of smooth muscle are flat with one nucleus in the center of the spindle. These cells lack noticeable striations. It lines all hollow organs and is found in the skin, the eyes and surrounding many glands.

Front 30

Nervous Tissue

Back 30

is the primary component of the brain, the spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. its consists of a unique ECM and two main cell types: Neurons and Neuroglial cell.

Front 31

Neurons

Back 31

Responsible for sending and receiving messages within the nervous system. They consist of central portion which is called the cell body. Most have a rough endoplasmic reticulum called Nissl bodies. Most neurons contain two types of of long armlike processes extending from the cell, which are

1. dendrites which recieve messages fro other neurons; and,

2. axon, which sends messages to other neurons, muscles, and gland cells.

Front 32

Neroglial cell

Back 32

Smaller and more numerous cells around the neurons. Six different types of these cells vary in shape and appearance. In general, these cells perform functions that support the neurons in some way.