Chapter 5 Holt Sociology Socializing The Individual

Front 1

What is personality?

Back 1

sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual p98

Front 2

What is heredity?

Back 2

the transmissionof genetic characteristics from parents to children p98

Front 3

What is an instinct?

Back 3

unchanging biologically inherited behavior pattern p98

Front 4

What is sociobiology?

Back 4

social science that studies human society and social behavior p98

Front 5

What is an aptitude?

Back 5

capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge p99

Front 6

What are feral children?

Back 6

wild or untamed children p102

Front 7

Who was John B. Watson? What did he believe regarding nature versus nurture?

Back 7

John B Watson was an American psychology who believed that he could take a healthy baby and train them to be anything he wanted (nurture more important than nature) p98

Front 8

Who were the Ik? What does their experience show?

Back 8

The Ik were a pople of norther Uganda. Their experience shows the poweral effects of cultural environment: they changed drastically when their cultural environment changed pp101-102

Front 9

Who was Kingsley Davis?

Back 9

he was a researcher that studied the feral children - Anna and Isabelle. his findings point strongly to the conclusion that our personality comes from our cultural environment

Front 10

Who was Rene Spitz? What were the results of his studies?

Back 10

In 1945 psychologist Rene Spitz studied the effects of institutionalization on a group of infants living in an orphanage. His results showed that human interaction is very important for social and psychological development. p106

Front 11

What are the four principal factors that contemporary sociologists see as influencing personality development and social behavior?

Back 11

heredity, birth order, parental characteristics, and cultural environment

Front 12

According to research by Rene Spitz, what effect does the lack of close human contact have on institutionalized children?

Back 12

It can lead to severe effects such as causing children to waste away and die or to have stunted development.

Front 13

What two factors seem to make a big difference in the levels of success in the efforts to teach Anna, Isabelle, and Genie to function normally in society?

Back 13

the amount of human contact each child had and the age at which each child was found

Front 14

What seems to be the relation of the amount of human contact to levels of success in the efforts to teach Anna, Isabelle, and Genie to function normally in society?

Back 14

the less human contact the less the child was able to recover

Front 15

What are some generalizations that can be made regarding the levels of success in the efforts to teach Anna, Isabelle, and Genie to function normally in society?

Back 15

the more severe and the longer the isolation, the less the child was able to recover

Front 16

What is socialization?

Back 16

the interactive process through which individuals learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of society p107

Front 17

What is self?

Back 17

conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates us from other members of society p107

Front 18

What is looking-glass self?

Back 18

interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others p107

Front 19

What is role-taking?

Back 19

taking or pretending to take the role of others p108

Front 20

According to sociologists, what are significant others?

Back 20

specific people, such as parents, brothers, sisters, other relatives,and friends, who have a direct influence on our socialization p108

Front 21

What is a generalized other?

Back 21

internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society that we use to guide our behavior and reinforce our sense of self p108

Front 22

What is "I"?

Back 22

the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of the personality and self-identity p109

Front 23

What is "me"?

Back 23

the part of the identity that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society, the socialized self p109

Front 24

Who was John Locke? What theory of socialization did he propose?

Back 24

John Locke was an English philospher of the 1600s who proposed the tabula rasa theory. He insisted that each newly born human being is a tabular rasa, or clean slate, on which just about anything can be written. p107

Front 25

What does the tabula rasa theory propose about socialization?

Back 25

John Locke insisted that each newly born human being is a tabular rasa, or clean slate, on which just about anything can be written. The cultural environment is more important than heredity. p107

Front 26

What philospher proposed the tabula rasa theory of socialization?

Back 26

English philospher, John Locke (1600s) p107

Front 27

Who was Charles Horton Cooley and what theory of socialization did he propose?

Back 27

Charles Horton Cooley was a scial psychologist (one of the founders of the interactionist perspective in sociology). He is most known for the idea of the primary group. His socialization theory is called the looking-glass self. p107

Front 28

What are the three steps of the looking-glass self?

Back 28

1. we imagine how we appear to others; 2. we determine whether others view us as we view ourselves; and 3. we use our perceptions of how others judge use to develop feeling about ourselves p107-108

Front 29

Who is George Herbert Mead and what theory of socialization did he propose?

Back 29

George Herbert Mead was an American philospher and another founder of the interactionist perspective of sociology. He proposed the role-taking theory of socialization p108-109

Front 30

What social psychologist proposed the looking-glass theory of socialization?

Back 30

Charles Horton Cooley p107

Front 31

According to George Herbert Mead, what is role-taking and what three stages do children go through when developing the skills needed for role-taking?

Back 31

Role-taking is to take or pretend to take on the roles of others, to anticipate what others expect of us. The three steps are imitation, play and games. p108-109

Front 32

According to George Herbert Mead, what are the two components of the self, and how are they related?

Back 32

I - the spontanious, unsocialized, self-interested component of personality; the me - the socialized self; they combine to form a well-rounded personality p108-109

Front 33

What theory of socialization did George Herbert Mead propose?

Back 33

the role-taking theory p 108-109

Front 34

What are agents of socialization?

Back 34

specific individuals, groups, and institutions that provide the situations in which socialization can occur p112

Front 35

What is a peer group?

Back 35

primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and social characteristics p112

Front 36

What is mass media?

Back 36

newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, films and other forms of cummunication that reach large audiences without personal contact between the individuals sending the information and those receiving it p113, 386

Front 37

What is a total institution?

Back 37

setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and subjected to the control of officials of varied ranks; total institutions are primarly concerned with resocialization p115

Front 38

What is resocialization?

Back 38

break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms, total institutions are primarly concerned with resocialization p115

Front 39

In what ways are total institutions different from other agents of socialization?

Back 39

Total institutions are concered with resocialization rather thatn socialization. p115

Front 40

How are social institutions such as family and school important?

Back 40

They teach children important life skills, as well as, values, norms and beliefs.

Front 41

How has the nature-versus-nurture debate evolved? What do most social scientists today believe?

Back 41

Most social scientists today believe that both environment and heredity affect personality. Many believe that the cultural environment holds more weight in most instances.

Front 42

What do social scientists believe are the four principal factors that influence personality development?

Back 42

heredity, birth order, parental characteristics and cultural environment

Front 43

What does research on children reared in isolation indicate about the effects of the cultural environment on social and psychological development?

Back 43

A healthy cultural environment is essential for a child's full development.

Front 44

According to Locke, Cooley and Mead, what is the role of self in the socialization process?

Back 44

Locke, Cooley, and Mead agree that the self emerges through interaction with others. Locke believed every aspect of personality comes from one's environment. Cooley introduced the concept of the looking-glass self. Mead build upon Cooley's theory with the concept of role-taking.

Front 45

According to Cooley, how does a person's sense of self develop in early childhood and when does this process end?

Back 45

by interacting with others, imagining how they appear to others, perceiving how others view them, and using those perceptions to refine self view; the process ends at death

Front 46

What are the four primary agents of socialization in the United States?

Back 46

the family, peer group, school, and mass media p112

Front 47

When is the peer group most influential?

Back 47

Peer groups are particularly influential during the pre-teenage and early teenage years. p112

Front 48

What agent of socialization provides many, if not, most of the socializaiton experiences of early childhood in the US?

Back 48

the family p112

Front 49

What form of mass media probably has the most influence on the socialization of children in the US?

Back 49

television p113

Front 50

What are some examples of total institutions?

Back 50

Answers will vary but may include: prisons, military boot camps, monasteries, and psychiatric hospitals.