Chapter 5 Geology

Front 1

Mineralogy

Back 1

A geoscientist that specializes in the study of minerals.

Hint 1

Mineral Specialist

Front 2

Mineral

Back 2

A homogenous naturally occurring, solid inorganic substance with a definable chemical composition and an internal structure characterized by an orderly arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in lattice. Most minerals are inorganic.

Hint 2

Front 3

Biogenic Mineral

Back 3

Substances that meet the definition of a mineral and are produced naturally by organisms.

Hint 3

Front 4

Crystal Lattice

Back 4

The orderly framework within which the atoms or ions of a mineral are fixed.

Hint 4

Front 5

Glass

Back 5

A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern.

Hint 5

Front 6

Element

Back 6

A material consisting entirely of one kind of atom; elements cannot be subdivided or changed by chemical reaction

Hint 6

Front 7

Atom

Back 7

The smallest piece of an element that has the properties of the element; it consists of nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud.

Hint 7

Front 8

Mass Number

Back 8

No definition

Hint 8

Front 9

Atomic Mass

Back 9

The amount of matter in an atom roughly, it is the sum of the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Hint 9

Front 10

Chemical Bond

Back 10

The invisible link that holds together atoms in a molecule and/or in a crystal.

Hint 10

Front 11

Ion

Back 11

A version of an atom that has lost or gained electrons, relative to an electrically neutral version, so that it has a net electrical charge.

Hint 11

Front 12

Molecule

Back 12

The smallest piece of compound that has the properties of the compound; it consists of two or more atoms attached by chemical bonds.

Hint 12

Front 13

Chemical

Back 13

A material consisting of a distinct element or compound.

Hint 13

Front 14

Chemical Formula

Back 14

The "recipe" that specifies the elements and their proportions in a compound.

Hint 14

Front 15

Chemical Reaction

Back 15

Interactions among atoms and/or molecules involving breaking or forming chemical bonds.

Hint 15

Front 16

Concentration

Back 16

The proportion of one substance (the solute) dissolved within another (the solvant)

Hint 16

Front 17

Precipitate

Back 17

A solid substance formed when atoms teach and settle out of a solution, or attach to the walls of the container holding the solution; the action of forming a solid substance from a solution; the dropping of snow or rain from the sky.

Hint 17

Front 18

Polymorphs

Back 18

Two minerals that have the same chemical composition but a different crystal lattice structure.

Hint 18

Front 19

Color

Back 19

The characteristic of a material due to the spectrum of light emitted or reflected by the material, as perceived by eyes or instruments.

Hint 19

Front 20

Streak

Back 20

The color of the powder produced by a pulverizing a mineral on an unglazed ceramic plate.

Hint 20

Front 21

Luster

Back 21

The way a mineral surface scatters light.

Hint 21

Front 22

Hardness

Back 22

A measure of the relative ability of a mineral to resist scratching; it represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure from being broken.

Hint 22

Front 23

Mohs Hardness Scale

Back 23

A list of ten minerals in a squence of relative hardness, with which other minerals can be compared.

Hint 23

Front 24

Specific Gravity

Back 24

A number representing the density of a mineral, as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water

Hint 24

Front 25

Crystal Habit

Back 25

The general shape of a crystal or cluster of crystals that grew unimpeded

Hint 25

Front 26

Cleavage

Back 26

The tendency of a mineral to break along preferred planes; a type of foliation in low-grade metamorphic rock.

Hint 26

Front 27

Conchoidal Fractures

Back 27

Smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped surfaces along which materials with no cleavage planes tend to break.

Hint 27

Front 28

Mineral Classes

Back 28

Groups of minerals distinguished from each other on the basis of chemical compsition.

Hint 28

Front 29

Carbonate Minerals

Back 29

Rocks containing calcite and/or dolomite.

Hint 29

Front 30

Silicates

Back 30

Minerals built from silicon-oxygen tetrahedra arranged in chains, sheets, or 3-D networks, they make up most of the Earth's crust and mantle

Hint 30

Front 31

Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron

Back 31

The SiO44- anionic group, in which four oxygen atoms surround a single silicon atom, thereby defining the corners of a tetrahedron.

Hint 31

Front 32

Naturally Occurring

Back 32

Formed in nature, not by man

Hint 32

Naturally made

Front 33

Inorganic

Back 33

No carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds and not produced by living organs, no sugars, fats, propane, proteins, pearls, or amber

Hint 33

not made by any organisms

Front 34

Solid

Back 34

No liquids, water, oil, no gases, methane, carbon dioxide.

Hint 34

no liquids

Front 35

Definable Chemical Composition

Back 35

A chemical composition that will define the mineral and able to write out the chemical formulas.

Hint 35

Has formulas

Front 36

Crystalline Structure

Back 36

The atoms that make up the mineral are in a fixed orderly pattern

Hint 36

Glass is disorderly while minerals are orderly

Front 37

What is a crystal?

Back 37

Single continuous piece of crystalline and is solid, typically bounded by fly surfaces. faces grow naturally as in mineral forms, and are sometimes prized mineral specimens

Hint 37

solid crystalline

Front 38

What is Crystal Faces?

Back 38

Constancy of interfacial angles, faces occur at the same angle to one another, reflect crystalline structure.

Hint 38

face and angle of crystallines

Front 39

The shapes of crystals.

Back 39

Halite, Diamond, Staurolite, Quartz, Garnet, Stibnite, Calcite, Kyanite

Hint 39

Cube, pyramid, quartz

Front 40

How are minerals constructed?

Back 40

Ordered atoms, tightly together by chemical bond. Hold physical properties (hardness & shape) based on atoms identity, arrangement of atoms, nature of atomic bonds

Hint 40

Atoms and atomic bonds

Front 41

What controls the characteristics of crystals?

Back 41

The nature of atomic bonds. Strong covalent bonds like diamonds, or weak van der Waals bonds like graphite. Polymorph have same composition but different structures.

Hint 41

The bonds of the atoms

Front 42

What is ionic radius?

Back 42

Size and ionic charge control packing

Hint 42

charge and packing

Front 43

What is an ion?

Back 43

Charged atom, due to gain or less of electrons

Hint 43

atom and electrons

Front 44

What are Cations?

Back 44

Positive ions due to loss of electrons

Hint 44

Loss of electrons +

Front 45

What are Anions?

Back 45

Negative ions due to gain of electrons

Hint 45

Gain of electrons -

Front 46

What defines the geometric shapes in crystals?

Back 46

Packing configuration of ions/anions.

Hint 46

packing configuration

Front 47

What controls the crystal shape?

Back 47

The internal pattern of atoms

Hint 47

atoms

Front 48

X-Ray Diffraction

Back 48

XRD: images of crystal lattices, unique lattice spacing used to ID minerals

Hint 48

Reflective Pattern

Front 49

Transmission Electron Microscope

Back 49

TEM: modern instrument to see atomic patterns, shoots beam of electrons at a crystal, passes through space reaching a detector, interacts with atoms, uses dark and light pattern images of the atomic crystal lattice.

Hint 49

Microscope

Front 50

Solid-State Diffusion

Back 50

Garmets in metamorphic environment

Hint 50

Five ways crystals are formed

Front 51

Biomineralization

Back 51

Petrified/fossiled bones

Hint 51

Five ways crystals are formed

Front 52

Precipitating Directly from Gas

Back 52

Sulfur crystals form around a volcanic vent (Yellowstone Park)

Hint 52

Five ways crystals are formed

Front 53

Crystal Destruction

Melting

Back 53

heat breaks the bonds holding atoms together

Hint 53

heat

Front 54

Crystal Destruction

Dissolving

Back 54

Solvents (mostly water) break atomic bonds (dissolution)

Hint 54

water

Front 55

Crystal Destruction

Chemical Reaction

Back 55

Reactive minerals break bonds

Hint 55

reactive

Front 56

Mineral Property

Color

Back 56

Varieties often reflect trace impurities, diagnostic for some minerals, light is not absorbed by mineral.

Hint 56

impurities

Front 57

Mineral Property

Streak

Back 57

Powder color by scraping mineral on unglazed surface

Hint 57

powder

Front 58

Mineral Property

Luster

Back 58

How the surface scatters light, and divided by metallic and nonmetallic

Hint 58

scattered light

Front 59

Metallic

Back 59

Looks like metal

Hint 59

metal

Front 60

Mineral Properties

Hardness

Back 60

Scratch resistant, derives strong atomic bonds, determined the Mohs scale

Hint 60

strong bond

Front 61

Mineral Property

Gravity

Back 61

The density, weight over volume, the heft (how heavy it feels)

Hint 61

weight

Front 62

Mineral Property

Crystal Habit

Back 62

Well formed faces, well formed crystals, faces reflect internal tonic structures, variation of growth rates and direction.

Hint 62

Formed faces

Front 63

Mineral Property

Fracture

Back 63

Break reflects atomic bonding, bond strength in all directions. Some appear like clam shell, smooth curved surfaces, sharp edges

Hint 63

Breaking

Front 64

Mineral Property

Cleavage

Back 64

Break along the plane have weaker bonds, are flat, shiny on surface, have multiple planes and angles.

Hint 64

planes

Front 65

Silicates are called...

Back 65

Rock-Forming Minerals

Hint 65

rock forming

Front 66

What is the most common Silicate mineral?

Back 66

Quartz

Hint 66

SiO2

Front 67

Gemstones

Back 67

Mineral with special value

Rare: formed by unusual geological processes

Beautiful: strikingly unique color, clarity, and luster

Hint 67

value

Front 68

Gems

Back 68

Are cut and plashed stones created for jewelry

Precious: diamond, ruby, sapphire

Semiprecious: Tourmaline, Topaz, Aquamarine, Gamet

Hint 68

jewelry

Front 69

How are diamonds found?

Back 69

Rifting causes deep mantle rock to move upwards, where diamond are found in kimberlite pipes.

Hint 69

rifting