Chapter 5: Digestive System Vocabulary

Front 1

absorption

Back 1

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

Front 2

amino acids

Back 2

Building blocks of proteins, produced when proteins are digested

Front 3

amylase

Back 3

Ezymes secreted by the pancreas to digest starch

Front 4

anus

Back 4

Opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

Front 5

appendix

Back 5

blind pouch hanging from The cecum (in the right lower quadrant [RLQ]). it literally means hanging (pend/o) on (ap-)

Front 6

bile

Back 6

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile orginally was called gall (Latin bilis means gall or anger), probaby because it has a bitter taste. It is composed of bile pigments, cholestrol, and bile salts

Front 7

bilirubin

Back 7

Pigment released by the liver in bile

Front 8

bowel

Back 8

intestine

Front 9

canine teeth

Back 9

pointed "dog tooth" -like (canine) teeth, next to (distal to) the incisiors. Also called cuspids or eyeteeth

Front 10

cecum

Back 10

fort part of the large intestine

Front 11

common bile duct

Back 11

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also call the choledochus.

Front 12

defecation

Back 12

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the rectum

Front 13

deglutition

Back 13

swallowing

Front 14

dentin

Back 14

major tissue composng teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cententum in the root

Front 15

digestion

Back 15

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forns

Front 16

duodenum

Back 16

first part of the small intestine. Duo = 2, den = 10; the duodenum measures 12 inches long

Front 17

elimination

Back 17

ace of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials

Front 18

emulsification

Back 18

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.

Front 19

enamel

Back 19

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth

Front 20

enzyme

Back 20

A chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances . Enzymes are given names tjat end in -ase

Front 21

esophagus

Back 21

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso- means inward; phag/o means swallowing

Front 22

fatty acids

Back 22

Substances produced when fats are digested

Front 23

enamel

Back 23

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth

Front 24

feces

Back 24

Solid wastes; stools

Front 25

enzyme

Back 25

A chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances . Enzymes are given names tjat end in -ase

Front 26

gallbladder

Back 26

Ssmall sac under the liver; stores bile.

Front 27

esophagus

Back 27

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso- means inward; phag/o means swallowing

Front 28

glucose

Back 28

Simple sugar

Front 29

fatty acids

Back 29

Substances produced when fats are digested

Front 30

glycogen

Back 30

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

Front 31

feces

Back 31

Solid wastes; stools

Front 32

hydrochloric acid

Back 32

Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

Front 33

gallbladder

Back 33

Ssmall sac under the liver; stores bile.

Front 34

ileum

Back 34

Third part of the small intestine

Front 35

glucose

Back 35

Simple sugar

Front 36

glycogen

Back 36

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

Front 37

enamel

Back 37

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth

Front 38

hydrochloric acid

Back 38

Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

Front 39

enzyme

Back 39

A chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances . Enzymes are given names tjat end in -ase

Front 40

ileum

Back 40

Third part of the small intestine

Front 41

esophagus

Back 41

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso- means inward; phag/o means swallowing

Front 42

fatty acids

Back 42

Substances produced when fats are digested

Front 43

feces

Back 43

Solid wastes; stools

Front 44

gallbladder

Back 44

Ssmall sac under the liver; stores bile.

Front 45

glucose

Back 45

Simple sugar

Front 46

glycogen

Back 46

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

Front 47

hydrochloric acid

Back 47

Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

Front 48

ileum

Back 48

Third part of the small intestine

Front 49

incisor

Back 49

One of four front teeth in the dental arch

Front 50

insulin

Back 50

Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

Front 51

jejunum

Back 51

Second part of the small intestine .

Front 52

lipase

Back 52

Pancreatic enzyme necessay to digest fats

Front 53

liver

Back 53

a large organ located in the RLQ of the abdomen. The liver secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells.

Front 54

lower esophagus sphincter (LES)

Back 54

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called cardiac sphincter

Front 55

mactication

Back 55

Chewing

Front 56

molar teeth

Back 56

The sixth, seventh, and eighth teeeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth are the fourth and fifth teeth before the molars

Front 57

palate

Back 57

Roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jaw bone (maxilla). The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat

Front 58

pancreas

Back 58

Organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods)

Front 59

Papillae
(Plural: papilla)

Back 59

Small elevations on the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like evevation

Front 60

parotid gland

Back 60

Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

Front 61

peristalsis

Back 61

Rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other tubular structures.

Front 62

pharynx

Back 62

Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose

Front 63

portal vein

Back 63

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

Front 64

protease

Back 64

enzyme that digest protein

Front 65

pulp

Back 65

Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

Front 66

pyloric sphincter

Back 66

Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum.

Front 67

pylorus

Back 67

Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum

Front 68

rectum

Back 68

Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus

Front 69

rugae

Back 69

Ridges on the hard palate and teh wall of the stomach

Front 70

saliva

Back 70

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands

Front 71

salivary glands

Back 71

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

Front 72

sigmoid colon

Back 72

Fourth and last S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum and empties into the rectum

Front 73

sphincter

Back 73

Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

Front 74

stomach

Back 74

Muscular organ that recieves food from the esophagus. The Stomach's parts are the fundas (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section)

Front 75

triglyerides

Back 75

Large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol

Front 76

uvula

Back 76

Soft tisse hanging from the middle of the soft palate.

Front 77

villi
(Plural: Villus)

Back 77

Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream