Chapter 5: Digestive System

Front 1

absorption

Back 1

passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the blood-stream

Front 2

amylase

Back 2

enzyme secreted by the digestive tract to the outside of the body

Front 3

amino acids

Back 3

building blocks of proteins and produced when proteins are digested

Front 4

anus

Back 4

opening of the digestive tract tot the outside of the body

Front 5

defecation

Back 5

expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus

Front 6

appendix

Back 6

blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ). literally means "hanging" (pend/o) "on" (ap-)

Front 7

bile

Back 7

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. bile was originally called gall (Latin bilis meaning "gall" or "anger"), probably because it has a bitter taste. it is composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts

Front 8

bilirubin

Back 8

pigment released by the liver in bile

Front 9

deglutition

Back 9

swallowing

Front 10

bowel

Back 10

intestine

Front 11

dentin

Back 11

major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root

Front 12

canine teeth

Back 12

pointed, dog-like (canine) teeth, next to (distal to) the incisors. also called cuspids or eyeteeth

Front 13

cecum

Back 13

first part of the large intestine

Front 14

colon

Back 14

large intestine (cecum, ascending, transeverse, and descending colon, and rectum)

Front 15

digestion

Back 15

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

Front 16

common bile duct

Back 16

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

Front 17

duodenum

Back 17

first part of the small intestine. duo = 2, den = 10; the duodenum measures 12 inches long

Front 18

elimination

Back 18

removal of waste material from the body

Front 19

emulsification

Back 19

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thus increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat

Front 20

enamel

Back 20

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

Front 21

enzyme

Back 21

a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. digestive enzymes help in the breakdown of complex foods to simpler foods

Front 22

esophagus

Back 22

tube connecting the throat to the stomach. eso- means inward; phag/o means swallowing

Front 23

fatty acids

Back 23

substances produced when fats are digested

Front 24

feces

Back 24

solid wastes; stools

Front 25

gallbladder

Back 25

small sac under the liver; stores bile

Front 26

glucose

Back 26

simple sugar

Front 27

glycogen

Back 27

starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

Front 28

hydrochloric acid

Back 28

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

Front 29

ileum

Back 29

third part of the small intestine; from the Greek eilos, meaning "twisted." when the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted and ileum was often an area of obstruction

Front 30

incisor

Back 30

one of four front teeth in the dental arch

Front 31

insulin

Back 31

hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. it transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

Front 32

jejunum

Back 32

second part of the small intestine. the Latin jejunus means "empty"; this part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examined after death

Front 33

lipase

Back 33

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

Front 34

liver

Back 34

a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. the liver secretes bile stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. the normal adult liver weighs about 2.3 to 3 pounds

Front 35

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Back 35

ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. also called cardiac sphincter

Front 36

mastication

Back 36

chewing

Front 37

molar teeth

Back 37

sixth, seventh, and eighth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. premolar teeth are the 4th and 5th teeth, before the molars

Front 38

palate

Back 38

roof of the mouth. the hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate

Front 39

pancreas

Back 39

organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) andenzymes (for digestion of foods)

Front 40

papillae (singular: papilla)

Back 40

small elevations on the tongue. a papilla is a nipple-like elevation

Front 41

parotid gland

Back 41

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

Front 42

peristalsis

Back 42

rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other tubular structures. peristalsis moves the contents through the GI tract at different rates; stomach (0.5 to 2 hours), small intestine (2 to 6 hours), and colon (6 to 72 hours). peri- means surrounding and -stalsis is constriction

Front 43

pharynx

Back 43

throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose

Front 44

portal vein

Back 44

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

Front 45

protease

Back 45

enzyme that digests protein

Front 46

pulp

Back 46

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

Front 47

pyloric sphincter

Back 47

ring of muscle fibers at the distal region of the stomach, where it joins the duodenum. from Greek pyloros, meaning "gatekeeper"

Front 48

rectum

Back 48

last section of the colon

Front 49

rugae

Back 49

ridges on the hard palate and wall of the stomach

Front 50

saliva

Back 50

digestive juice produced by salivary glands

Front 51

salivary glands

Back 51

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

Front 52

sigmoid colon

Back 52

lower part of the colon; shaped like an S

Front 53

sphincter

Back 53

ring of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

Front 54

stomach

Back 54

muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. the stomach's parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section)

Front 55

triglycerides

Back 55

large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol

Front 56

uvula

Back 56

soft tissue hanging from the soft palate into the mouth. Latin, uva means "grape"

Front 57

villi (singular: villus)

Back 57

microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

Front 58

an/o

Back 58

anus

Front 59

append/o

Back 59

appendix

Front 60

appendic/o

Back 60

appendix

Front 61

bucc/o

Back 61

cheek

Front 62

cec/o

Back 62

cecum

Front 63

celi/o

Back 63

belly, abdomen

Front 64

cheil/o

Back 64

lip

Front 65

cholecyst/o

Back 65

gallbladder

Front 66

choledoch/o

Back 66

common bile duct

Front 67

col/o

Back 67

colon, large intestine

Front 68

colon/o

Back 68

colon

Front 69

dent/i

Back 69

tooth

Front 70

duoden/o

Back 70

duodenum

Front 71

enter/o

Back 71

intestines, usually small intestine

Front 72

esophag/o

Back 72

esophagus

Front 73

faci/o

Back 73

face

Front 74

gastr/o

Back 74

stomach

Front 75

gingiv/o

Back 75

gums

Front 76

gloss/o

Back 76

tongue

Front 77

hepat/o

Back 77

liver

Front 78

ile/o

Back 78

ileum

Front 79

jejun/o

Back 79

jejunum

Front 80

labi/o

Back 80

lip

Front 81

lapar/o

Back 81

abdomen

Front 82

lingu/o

Back 82

tongue

Front 83

mandibul/o

Back 83

lower jaw, mandible

Front 84

odont/o

Back 84

tooth

Front 85

or/o

Back 85

mouth

Front 86

palat/o

Back 86

palate

Front 87

pancreat/o

Back 87

pancreas

Front 88

peritone/o

Back 88

peritoneum

Front 89

pharyng/o

Back 89

throat

Front 90

proct/o

Back 90

anus and rectum

Front 91

pylor/o

Back 91

pyloric sphincter

Front 92

rect/o

Back 92

rectum

Front 93

sialaden/o

Back 93

salivary gland

Front 94

sigmoid/o

Back 94

sigmoid colon

Front 95

stomat/o

Back 95

mouth

Front 96

amyl/o

Back 96

starch

Front 97

bil/i

Back 97

gall, bile

Front 98

bilirubin/o

Back 98

bilirubin (bile pigment)

Front 99

chol/e

Back 99

gall, bile

Front 100

chlorhydr/o

Back 100

hydrochloric acid

Front 101

gluc/o

Back 101

sugar

Front 102

glyc/o

Back 102

sugar

Front 103

glycogen/o

Back 103

glycogen, animal starch

Front 104

lip/o

Back 104

fat, lipid

Front 105

lith/o

Back 105

stone

Front 106

prote/o

Back 106

protein

Front 107

sial/o

Back 107

saliva, salivary

Front 108

steat/o

Back 108

fat

Front 109

-ase

Back 109

enzyme

Front 110

-chezia

Back 110

defecation, elimination of wastes

Front 111

-iasis

Back 111

abnormal condition

Front 112

-prandial

Back 112

meal

Front 113

anorexia

Back 113

lack of appetite (-orexia = appetite)

Front 114

ascites

Back 114

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Front 115

borborygmus

Back 115

rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract

Front 116

constipation

Back 116

difficulty in passing stools (feces)

Front 117

diarrhea

Back 117

frequent passage of loose, watery stools

Front 118

dysphagia

Back 118

difficulty in swallowing

Front 119

eructation

Back 119

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

Front 120

flatus

Back 120

gas expelled through the anus

Front 121

hematochezia

Back 121

passage of bright, fresh, red blood from the rectum

Front 122

jaundice

Back 122

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)

Front 123

melena

Back 123

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

Front 124

nausea

Back 124

unpleasant sensation in the stomach and a tendency to vomit

Front 125

steatorrhea

Back 125

fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smeeling, fecal matter

Front 126

aphthous stomatitis

Back 126

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

Front 127

dental caries

Back 127

tooth decay (caries means decay)

Front 128

herpetic stomatitis

Back 128

inflammation of the mouth (gingiva, lips, palate, and tongue) by infection with the herpesvirus

Front 129

oral leukoplakia

Back 129

white plaques or patches (-plakia means plaque) on the mucosa of the mouth

Front 130

periodontal disease

Back 130

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone; also called pyorrhea (py/o means pus)

Front 131

achalasia

Back 131

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle of relax

Front 132

esophageal varices

Back 132

swollen, varicose veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach

Front 133

gastric carcinoma

Back 133

malignant tumor of the stomach

Front 134

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Back 134

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

Front 135

hernia

Back 135

protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it

Front 136

peptic ulcer

Back 136

open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum

Front 137

anal fistula

Back 137

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

Front 138

colonic polyposis

Back 138

polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

Front 139

colorectal cancer

Back 139

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

Front 140

Crohn disease

Back 140

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon)

Front 141

diverticulosis

Back 141

abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall

Front 142

dysentery

Back 142

painful, inflamed intestines

Front 143

hemorrhoids

Back 143

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

Front 144

ileus

Back 144

failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines

Front 145

intussusception

Back 145

telescoping of the intestines

Front 146

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Back 146

group of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms associated with stress and tension

Front 147

ulcerative colitis

Back 147

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

Front 148

volvulus

Back 148

twisting of the intestine upon itself

Front 149

cholelithiasis

Back 149

gallstones in the gallbladder

Front 150

cirrhosis

Back 150

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

Front 151

pancreatitis

Back 151

inflammation of the pancreas

Front 152

viral hepatitis

Back 152

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus