Chapter 5 Chemistry For Estheticians

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Chemistry

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science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and how matter changes under different conditions.

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Organic Chemistry

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the study of substances that contain carbon.

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Inorganic Chemistry

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the branch of chemistry dealing with compounds lacking carbon.

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Matter

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any substance that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties, and exhists in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas.

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Element

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the basic unit of all matter.

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Atoms

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the structual units that make up elements.

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Proton

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has a positive electrical charge.

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Neutron

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has a neutral charge.

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Electron

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has a negative electrical charge.

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Molecule

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formed by joining two or more atoms chemically.

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Elemental Molecules

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contain two or more atoms of the same element that are united chemically.

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Compound Molecules

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chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements.

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Compound

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a combination of two or more atoms of different delement united chemically with a ficed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties.

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Mixture

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a combination of two or more substances united physically, not chemically, without a fixed composition and in any proportion.

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Physical Properties

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characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reation and does not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance.

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Chemical Properties

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characteristics that can only be determined with a chemical reaction and do cause a chemical change in the identitiy of the substance.

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Physical Change

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change in the form or physical properties of a substance without the formation of a new substance.

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Chemical Change

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change in the chemical composition of a substance, in which a new substance or substances are formed having properties different from the original.

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Hydrogen

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colorless, odorless, tasteless gas and is the lightest element known.

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Oxygen

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the most abundant element found both free and in compounds.

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Nitogen

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colorless, gaseous element found free in the air; constitutes about four-fifths of the air.

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Air

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gaseous mixture that makes up the earth's atmosphere.

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Water

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the most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75 percent of the earth's surface and about 65 percent of the human body.

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Hydrogen Peroxide

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compound of hydrogen and oxygen; a colorless liquid with characteristic odor and a slightly acid taste.

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pH

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relative degree of acidity and alkalinity of a substance.

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Acids

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substances that have a pH below 7.0, taste sour, and turn litmus paper from blue to red.

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Alkalis or Bases

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substances that have a pH above 7.0, taste bitter, and turn litmus paper from red to blue.

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Acid Mantle

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protective barrier against certain forms of bacteria and microorganisms, and it may be a factor in the natural skin shedding and renewal process.

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Oxidation

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chemical reation that combines an element or compound with oxygen to produce oxide.

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Combustion

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rapid oxidation of any substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light.

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Oxidize

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to combine or cause an element to combine with oxygen.

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Oxidizing Agent

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substance that releases oxygen.

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Reduction

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subtration of oxygen from, or the addition of hydrogen to, a substance.

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Redox

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contraction for reduction-oxidation; chemical reation in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.

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Solution

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blended mixture of two or more solids, liquids, or gaseous substances.

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Solute

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dissolved substance in a solution.

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Solvent

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substance, usually liquid, that dissolves another substance to form a solution, with no change in chemical composition.

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Miscible Liquids

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capable of being mixed with another liquid in any proportion without separating.

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Immiscible Liquids

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not capable of being mixed.

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Suspension

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state in which solid particles are distributed throughout a liquid medium.

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Emulsion

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mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of a binder or emulsifier.

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Surfactants

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substances that act as a bridge to allow oil and water to mix.

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Hydrophilic

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capable of combining with or attracting water. "water-loving"

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Lipophilic

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having an affinity or attraction to fat and oils. "oil-loving"

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Oil-in-Water Emulsion (O/W)

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oil droplets are suspended in a water base.

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Water-in-Oil Emulsion (W/O)

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droplets of water are suspended in an oil base.