• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/79

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

79 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is a haploid cell?
When only one mender of each homologous pair is present in a cell.
What is a diploid cell?
After the sperm and egg fuse, the fertilized cell, or zygote, will contain two sets of chromosomes and is said to be diploid(2n)
What is an Allele?
Alleles are different versions of the same gene. There are normal and mutant genes.
Ovary cancer/Risk factors:
Smoking, mutation BRICA2 gene, advance age, oral contraceptive use and pregnancy decrease risk.
Ovary Cancer/ Detection:
Blood test for elevated CA 125 level, Gynecological exam
Ovary Cancer/more:
Fifth leading cause of death among women in the United States.
Breast Cancer/risk factors
smoking, Mutation to BRCA1 gene, high fat, low fiber diet, use of oral contraceptives may slightly increase risk
Breast Cancer/detection
monthly self exams, look and feel for lumps or changes in contour. Mammogram
Breast cancer/comments
only 5% of breast cancers are due to BRICA1 mutations. second-highest cause of cancer related deaths, 1% of breast cancer occurs in males.
Cervix cancer/risk factors
smoking, exposure to sexually transmitted human papilloma virus(HPV)
Cervix cancer/ detection
Annual Pap smear tests for the presence of precancerous cells.
Cervix cancer/comment
precancerous cells can be removed by laser surgery or cryotherapy(freezing) before they become cancerous
Skin cancer/risk factors
smoking, fair skin, exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun and tanning beds
Skin cancer/detection:
monthly self exams, look for growths that change in size or shape
Skin cancer/comments:
is the most common of all cancers; usually curable if caught early.
Blood cancer/risk factors:
Exposure to high energy radiation such as that produced by atomic bomb explosions in japan during World War II
Blood cancer/detection:
A sample of blood is examined under a microscope.
Blood cancer/comments:
cancerous white blood cells cannot fight infection efficiently; people with leukemia often succumb to infection.
Lung cancer/risk factors:
smoking, exposure to second hand smoke, asbestos inhalation
Lung cancer/detection:
x-ray
Lung cancer/comments
lung cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer, and the best prevention is to quit, or never start, smoking
Colon and Rectum cancer/ risk factors
smoking,Polyps in the colon, advance age, high fat and low fat diets
Colon and Rectum cancer/ comments
benign buds called polyps can grow in the colon; removal prevents them from mutating and becoming cancerous
Prostate cancer/ risk factors
smoking, advance age, high fat, low fiber diet
Prostate cancer/ detection
blood test for elevated level of prostate-specific antigen(PSA) Physical exam by physician, via rectum.
Prostate cancer/ comment
more common in Africa American men than Asian, White, or Native American
Testicle cancer/ risk factors
abnormal testicular development
Testicle cancer/ detection
monthly self-exam, inspect for lumps and changes in contour
Testicular cancer/ comment
testicular cancer accounts for only 1% of all cancers in men but is the most common form in males between the ages of 15 and 35
What is a chromosome?
DNA wrapped around nucleus that produces the nucleus.
What are the functions of the chromosome?
DNA condenses during cell division. DNA in its replicated but uncondensed form prior to cell division. During cell division, each copy of DNA is wrapped neatly around many small proteins, forming the condensed structure of a chromosome. After DNA replication, two identical sister chromatids are produced and joined to each other at the centromere.
What is the process of DNA replication?
The double stranded DNA molecule is copied, first by splitting the molecule in half up the middle of the helix. Later new nucleotides are added to each side of the original parent molecule, maintaining the A to T and G to C base pairings. The process results in two daughter DNA molecules, each composed of one strand of parental nucleotides and one newly synthesized strand.
Why is the DNA replication called semiconservative DNA?
Because each newly formed DNA molecule consists of one half conserved parental DNA and one half new daughter DNA.
What happens in the cell cycle during interphase?
The DNA is copied.
What happens in the cell cycle during mitosis?
Separation of the DNA into two daughter cells occur during mitosis.
What is Cytokinesis?
It is the division of the cytoplasm, creating two cells.
What happens during interphase?
There are two stages when the cell grows in preparation for cell division, G1 and G2.
What happens during the S stage of interphase?
The DNA replicates.
What happens during the M phase?
The chromosomes are separated and two daughter cells are formed.
What is the role of mitosis in the body?
Mitosis is needed in order to be able to create life. Our DNA is copied to create daughter cells in which later is passed on to our daughter or son. To achieve this autcome, the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are pulled apart, and one copy of each is placed into each newly forming nucleus.
What events are occurring at each stages of mitosis?
Mitosis is accomplished during four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
During prophase: 1
The replicated chromosomes condense, allowing them to move around in the cell without becoming entangled.
During prophase: 2
Protein structures called Microtubules also form and grow, ultimately radiating out from opposite ends, or poles, of the dividing cells.
During prophase 3:
The growth of microtubules helps the cell to expand.Motor proteins attached to microtubules also help pull the nucleus, called nuclear envelope, breaks down so that the microtubules can gain access to the replicated chromosomes.
During prophase 4:
At the poles of each dividing animal cell, structures called centrioles physically anchor one end of each forming microtubule. Plant cells do not contain centrioles, but microtubules in these cells do remain anchored at a pole.
What happens during metaphase in mitosis?
The centromere splits, and the motor proteins pull each sister chromatid os a chromosome to opposite poles of the cell.
What happens during anaphase in mitosis?
The centromere splits, and the motor protein pull each sister chromatid of a chromosome to opposite poles of the cell.
What happens in the last stage of mitosis-->telophase?
The nuclear envelopes re-form around the newly produced daughter nuclei, and the chromosomes revert to their uncondensed form. Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, and daughter cells produced.
How and why is Cytokinesis different between animal and plant cells?
Cytogenesis is different in animals because animals don't have a cell wall. Cytokenesis in plant cells requires that cells build a new cell wall, an inflexible structure surrounding the plant cells. Duing telophase of mitosis in a plant cell, membrane-bound vesicles from the Golgi apparatus deliver the materials required for building the cell wall to the center of the cell. The materials include a tough, fibrous carbohydrate called cellulose as well as some proteins. The membranes surrounding the vesicles gather in the center of the cell to form a structure called a cell plate. The cell plate and the cell wall grow across the width of the cell and form a barrier that eventually separates the products of mitosis into two daughter cells. Because animal cells do not have a cell wall, they have evolved a different method for separating the products of mitosis into two daughter cells. During cytokinesis in animal cells, a band of proteins encircles the cell at the equator and divides the cytoplasm. This band of proteins contracts to pinch apart the two cells that have formed from the original parent cell.
How is cell cycle control related to formation of cancer?
Cell cycle control at G1 AND G2 will determined if the cell will continue to divide. If the genes controlling the cell cycle are alters or mutations of the normal gene. If mutations occur to genes that encode the proteins regulating the cell cycle, cells can no longer regulate cell division properly. One or more cells in the ovary must have accumulated mutations in the cell-cycle control genes, leading to the development of cancer.
What are carcinogens?
Mutations may be inherited or induced by exposure to substances called carcinogens. These carcinogens damaged the DNA and chromosomes.
What is a mutation?
A mutation is a change in the sequence of the DNA.
What are proto-oncogenes? What are oncogenes?
Genes that encode the proteins regulating the cell cycle. port means before and once means cancer. Proto-encogenes are normal genes located on many different chromosomes that enable organisms to regulate cell division. When they become mutated, these genes are called oncogenes. It is when the normal proto-oncogenes undergo mutations and become oncogenes that they become capable of causing cancer.
What is a receptor?
Protein on the surface of the cell that recognizes and binds to a specific chemical signal.
What is contact inhibition?
Property of cells that prevents them from invading surrounding tissues. Cancer cells may lose this property.
What is tumor suppressor?
Cellular protein that stops tumor formation by suppressing cell division. When mutated leads to increase likelihood of cancer.
What is telomerase?
An enzyme that helps prevent the degradation of the tips of chromosomes active during development and sometimes reactivated in cancer cells.
What is the growth factor?
Protein that stimulates cell division.
What are a few diagnostic techniques and treatment options for different types of cancer?
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy
How chemotherapy different from radiation therapy?
During chemotherapy chemical are injected into the bloodstream. These chemicals selectively kill dividing cells. A variety of chemotherapeutic agents act in different ways to interrupt cell division. Radiation therapy uses high therapy uses high energy particles to injure or destroy cells by damaging their DNA, making it impossible for these cells to continue to grow and divide. Radiation is applied directly to the tumor when possible.
What is Meiosis?
During the process specialized gamete cels are produced. Because human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes andmeiosis reduces the chromosome number by one half, the gametes produced during meiosis contain 23 chromosomes each.
Where does Meiosis occur?
Meiosis is a form of cell division that occurs only in specialized cells within the gonads or sex organs. In humans and in most animals, the gonads are the testes, and the female gonads are in the ovaries. In animals the male gametes are the sperm cells, while the gametes produced by the female are the egg cells.
How is it different from mitosis?
Mitosis is a different type of cell division that occurs in somatic cells and gives rise to daughter cells that are exact genetic copies of the parent cell. Meiosis occurs in cells that will give rise to gametes and decreases the chromosome number by one half. TO do this and still ensure that each gamete receives one member of each homologous pair, the two members of each homologous pair align across the equator at the metaphase I of meiosis an are separated from each other during anaphase I.
What is a karyotype?
The chromosomes of a cell, displayed with chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and according to size.
What is a somatic cell?
Any of the body cells in an organism. Any cell that is not a gamete.
What are autosome?
Non-sex chromosomes, of which are 22 pairs in humans.
What are sex chromosomes?
Any of the sex determining chromosomes( X and Y in humans)
What is haploid?
describes cells containing only one ember of each One member of a homologous pair of chromosomes(n) is present; in humans, these cells are eggs and sperm.
What is a homologous pair?
Set of two chromosomes of the same size and shape with centromeres in the same position. Homologous pairs of chromosomes carry the same genes in the same locations but may carry different alleles.
What is Haploid?
Describes cells containing only one member of each homologous pair of chromosome (n); in humans, these cells are eggs and sperm.
What is a diploid cell?
A cell containing homologous pairs of chromosome (2n).
What is a crossing over?
Gene for gene exchanged of genetic information between members of a homologous pair of chromosomes.
What is a random alignment?
When members of a homologous pair line up randomly with respect to maternal or paternal origin during metaphase I of meiosis, thus increasing the genetic diversity of offspring.
The presence of an extra chromosome is called?
Trisomy
The absent of one chromosome of a homologous pair is termed?
monosomy
The failure of chromosomes to separate is called?
nondisjunction
Meiosis I. consists of prophase I metaphase I, and anaphase I
During prophase I of meiosis, the nuclear envelope starts to break down, and the microtubules begin to assemble. The previously replicated chromosomes condense so that they can be moved around the cell without becoming entangled. The condensed chromosomes can be seen under a microscope. At this time, the homologous pairs of chromosomes exchanged genetic information in a process called crossing over, which will be explained in a moment. At metaphase I, the homologous pairs line up at the cell's equator, or middle of the cell. Microtubules bind to the metaphase chromosomes near the centromere. Homologous pairs are arranged arbitrarily regarding which member faces which pole. The process is called random alignment. At the end of this section, you will find detailed description of crossing over and random alignment along with their impact on genetic diversity. At anaphase I, the homologous pairs are separated from each other by the shortening of the microtubules, and at telophase I, nuclear envelopes re-form around the chromosomes. DNA is then partitioned into each of the two daughter cells by cytokinesis. Because each daughter cell contains only one copy of each daughter cell contains only one copy of each member of a homologous pair, at this point the cells are haploid.Now both of these daughter cells are ready to undergo meiosis II.
In Meiosis II consists of prophase II, anaphase II, and telophase II
This second meiotic division is virtually identical to mitosis and serves to separate the sister chromatids of the replicated chromosome from each other. At prophase II of meiosis, the cell is readying for another round of division, and the microtubules are lengthening again. At metaphase II, the chromosomes align across the equator in much the same way as they do during mitosis- not as pairs, as was the case with metaphase I. At anaphase II, the sister chomatids separate from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell. At telophase II, the separated chromosomes each become enclosed in their own nucleus. In this fashion, half of a person's genes are physically placed into each gamete; thus, children carry one of the parent gene.