Chapter 5 And Part Chapter 6

Front 1

What is a causation argument?

Back 1

the inference consists in moving from a correlation between two things to the conclusion that one of those two things causes,or is at least a significant cause of the other thing.

Front 2

What is a correlation?

Back 2

when there is a relationship between them such that a change in one is accompanied by the change in the other.

Front 3

What are the gap story questions for causation argument?

Back 3

is there a plausible rationale connecting the cause and effect.

are there alternate possible causes as plausible or plausible then the one stated in the conclusion.

can a strong case be made that the casual picture is complicated and can consist of many potentional causes.

Front 4

What is the fallacy of questionable cause?

Back 4

whenever one infers that one thing causes another thing when either a plausible rationale for connecting the supposed cause with the effect is lacking, or one infers too rashly when other alternate possible causes exist.

Front 5

What is a generalization argument?

Back 5

the inference consists in moving from a feature true of a sample of a population to the conclusion that the feature is true of the population as a whole.

Front 6

What are the gap stories for generalization arguments?

Back 6

is the sample used large enough to representative of the whole population.

is the sample random enough.

Front 7

What is the fallacy of hasty generalization?

Back 7

whenever one infers that something is true about the whole population based on insuffiently large or random enough sample.

Front 8

What is an analogy argument?

Back 8

the inference consists in moving from similarities between two different things to the conclusion that a further and less obvious similarity is shared.

Front 9

What are the gap stories for analogy arguments?

Back 9

are the similarities offered in the analogy relevant to the further potential similarity.

are there dissimilarities between the two things relevant to the further potential similarity

Front 10

What is the fallacy if false analogy?

Back 10

whenever one infers that there exists a further potential similarity between two things based on insufficient relevance of the other similarities or while ignoring serious dissimilarities between the two things.

Front 11

Why are analogy arguments best for moral and legal reasoning?

Back 11

it compares two situations and decisions to improve our ability to treat similar things in similar ways.

Front 12

What is deductively valid mean?

Back 12

whenever it is the case that due to the arguments form, it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.

Front 13

What is disjunctive syllogism?

Back 13

Always in a valid argument and it's a form of argument that possesses charateristics: one premise a disjunction and another premise negating one of the disjuncts. and the conclusion affirming the remaining disjunct.

Front 14

What is the fallacy of false dilemma?

Back 14

whenever an author of a disjunction leaves out at least one legitmate options. used in serious cases not minor ones.

Hint 14

problem with premise not inference

Front 15

What is a key term in a disjunction?

Back 15

the word OR

Front 16

What is an inclusive disjunction?

Back 16

when it is possible for both disjuncts to be true. they are consistant.

Front 17

What is an exclusive disjunction?

Back 17

when it is not possible for both disjuncts to be true. they are inconsistant.

Front 18

What is the fallacy of negating by affirming mean?

Back 18

whenever someone infers that the truth of one disjunct necessitates that the other disjunct is false, and the disjunction is inclusive.

Front 19

when is a disjunction acceptable?

Back 19

it is acceptable whenever one disjunct is false and a suffiently informed and reasonable person is confident that the other disjunct is true.