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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abdominal Xray looks for... |
Stones Bones Gas Mass |
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Great Omentum |
double-fold of peritoneum that attaches to duodenum, stomach, and transverse colon |
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Lesser Omentum |
fold of peritoneum that attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum |
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Imaging Considerations CT |
-Small differences in tissues -Clearly shows abdominal organs |
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Imaging Considerations MRI |
-limited use for stomach, small bowel, and colon due to bowel -used to evaluate single solid organ abnormalities or retroperitoneal abnormalities |
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Imaging Considerations Ultrasound/ Sonography |
-limited use for small bowel and colon due to gas -used in retroperitoneum for peritoneal fluid, and babies for pyloric stenosis and appendicitis |
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Imaging Considerations Nuclear Medicine |
-GI bleed scans are quick noninvasive -Gastric emptying scans used to assess the rate food exits stomach -Urea breath tests are used for gastric ulcers to identify presence of helicobacter pylori (stomach infection) |
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Congenital and Hereditary Atresia |
Congenital absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular organ |
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Congenital and Hereditary Esophageal Atresia |
-congenital anomaly that esophagus fails to develop past a point resulting in a discontinuation of the esophagus |
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Congenital and Hereditary Esophageal Atresia Symptoms |
-Excessive salivation -Choking -Gagging -Dyspnea -Cyanosis |
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Congenital and Hereditary Tracheoesophageal Fistula |
-May be present with Esophageal Atresia -Abnormal tube-like passage between esophagus and trachea (incompatible with live after 3 days) |
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Congenital and Hereditary Bowel Atresia |
-Most common= Ileal Atresia -2nd common- Duodenal Atresia -Abdominal distension and inability to pass stool (regurgitate food) (manifests a few days after birth) |
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Congenital and Hereditary Duodenal Atresia |
"Double Bubble" (Evident soon after birth with vomiting) |
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Congenital and Hereditary Colonic Atresia |
-Failure to develop distal rectum and anus |
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Congenital and Hereditary Imperforate Anus |
-No anal opening to the exterior -Fistula may be present (cross table lateral rectum-prone) |
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Congenital and Hereditary Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis |
"String Sign" -Congenital anomaly of stomach-pyloric canal is greatly narrowed because of hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter -UGI used Signs: projectile vomiting @ 2-6 weeks old |
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Congenital and Hereditary Malrotation |
-Intestines are not in the normal position (usually all to one side) -Asymptomatic but may lead to bowel volvulus or incarceration of bowel -BE |
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Congenital and Hereditary Hirschsprung's Disease |
-Absence of neuron in bowel wall, typically sigmoid -Prevents normal relaxation of colon -Infant passes little meconium -May cause "congenital megacolon" if left untreated |
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Congenital and Hereditary Meckel's Diverticulum |
Out-pouching of bowel (distal ileum) -children often develop ulcer in adjacent bowel Nuclear Medicine for diagnosis |
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Congenital and Hereditary Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy (Celiac) |
-Hereditary disorder: Increases sensitivity to gliadin fraction of gluten -bowel dilates, mucosal folds atrpy, and peristalsis slows or stops -diagnosed w/ antibody test |
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Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy Symptoms |
-Abdominal distention (bloating) -Diarrhea -Flatulence (lots of gas) -Weight loss |
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Congenital and Hereditary Carbohydrate Intolerane |
-unable to digest carbohydrates and lactose, fluid weeps into colon lumen -Small bowel lacks enough enzyme lactase -Cramping and Diarrhea |
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Inflammatory Diseases Esophageal strictures |
-Strictures can be secondary to ingestion of caustic materials -From any factor that inflames the mucosa and creates scarring |
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Inflammatory Diseases Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease GERD |
-Results from incompetent cardiac sphincter allowing the backward flow of gastric acid into esophagus -Reflux esophagitis is primary cause of inflammation |
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Inflammatory Diseases Peptic Ulcer |
Erosion of mucous membrane of lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum Most Common: -Duodenal bulb & Lesser curvature of Stomach May cause pneumoperitoneum or peritonitis if ulcer perforates abdomen |
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Inflammatory Diseases Gastroenteritis |
Inflammation of mucosal lining of stomach and small bowel -Cause: ingestion of aspirin, alcohol, and steroids, stress, viral and fungai infections |
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Inflammatory Diseases Antral Gastritis |
Ingestion of contaminated food (salmonella) -Result from alcohol, smoking, and H. pylori infection |
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Inflammatory Diseases Regional Enteritis Crohn's Disease |
"Skip lesions" "String sign" "Cobble stone" Chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause -Immune response results in crypt cell inflammation and abscesses, leading to small ulcers |
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Crohn's Stats |
45% both ileum and cecum 35% Ileum only 20% colon only -Increased chance of developing carcinoma of the bowel with poor prognosis |
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Inflammatory Diseases Appendicitis |
Inflammation of appendix resulting from obstruction caused by fecaith -Most common abdominal surgery in US for teens and 20s |
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Inflammatory Diseases Ulcerative Colitis |
Inflammatory continuous lesion of the colon mucosa lining -Megacolon -Cause is unknown |
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Esophageal Varices |
Distended venous channels (bloated) -Can rupture and cause massive bleeding |
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Neoplasms of the Esophagus
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Distal 1/3 of esophagus -Malignant (poor prognosis) =Most Common -Squamous Cell and Adenocarcinoma CT used for staging |
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Tumors in Stomach
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Greater in Pyloris -Malignant 90% -Benign 10% |
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Tumors of Small Bowel
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Duodenum and Jejunum -Less common -Likely underdiagnosed |
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Colon Polyp
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Adenomatou polyp - benign -Sessile (no stalk) vs pedunculated -Malignant potentional |
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Tumors of Colon
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3rd most common in US -Peak incidence at 75 -Hereditary -Rectosigmoid area |
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Degenerative Diseases Hiatal Hernia |
-Sliding "Schatzki ring" |
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Degenerative Diseases Paralytic Ileus |
-Post op -Bowel ischemia, drugs, electrolyte imbalance, pancreatitis, stress |
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Degenerative Diseases Achalasia |
-Neuromuscular abnormality |
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Degenerative Diseases Diverticular Disease |
-Motility disorder -Involves mucosa |
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Degenerative Diseases Colonic Diverticula |
-Pouch -Herniation mucous membrane through muscular coat |
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Abdominal Trauma
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15% of trauma deaths -Pneumoperitoneum -Duodenum |
