Chapter 5 Cell Structure

Front 1

Cell

Back 1

Smallest unit of life. All organisms made of

Front 2

Cytology

Back 2

Study of cells

Front 3

Cell theory

Back 3

All living things made of cells

Front 4

Cytoplasm

Back 4

Everything inside except nucleus

Front 5

Cytosol

Back 5

Internal fluid

Front 6

Organelles

Back 6

Recognisable compartments that perform specific functions

Front 7

Plasma/cell membrane

Back 7

Defines cell body, selectively permeable. Maintains homeostasis & made mostly of phospholipids w protein doors &cholesterol (regulates fluidity)

Front 8

Cytoskeleton

Back 8

Internal framework, keeps organelles in place

Front 9

Why are cells microscopic?

Back 9

Small size makes selective permeability easier/efficienct

Front 10

Prokaryotic cell

Back 10

No nucleus/organelles. Bacteria&archaea. 10-100x smaller than eukaryotic cells

Front 11

Eukaryotic cells

Back 11

Eukarya. Has nucleus&organelles.

Front 12

Phospholipid

Back 12

Bilayer forms basis of membrane. Not v permeable. Small&non-polar can pass thru

Front 13

Cholesterol

Back 13

Inserts in fatty acid tail to regulate fuildity. May form lipid rafts

Front 14

Protein

Back 14

Many types&functions. Transporters (doorway across membrane, 1 type in or out per transporter) receptors (for hormone signals) enzymes (catalyze chem reactions) anchors (maintain structure, attaches to other proteins)

Front 15

Intergral proteins

Back 15

Permanent doorway, extends thru membrane. Interacts w proteins(in cell) & signaling molecules(outside cell)

Front 16

Peripheral proteins

Back 16

Temporarily attaches to 1 side of bilayer (inside our outside cell)

Front 17

Glycoprotein

Back 17

Carbohydrate flexible/protective coating over plasma membrane proteins. Protects proteins from enzyme digestion by blocking acess. Distinctive shape

Front 18

Passive transport

Back 18

No E required. Moves w [] gradient. Diffusion (thru phospholipid, tendancy of molecules to spread out evenly), facilitated diffusion (thru protein door) & osmosis (water diffusion bc solute can't pass thru membrane)

Front 19

Osmotic pressure

Back 19

Pressure w which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane to diffuse solute

Front 20

Isotonic

Back 20

2 solutions w same osmotic pressure

Front 21

Hypertonic&hypotonic

Back 21

Higher [solute] & lower [solute]

Front 22

Osmoregulation

Back 22

Organisms ability to control water&solute balance

Front 23

Active transport

Back 23

Requires E, movement against [] gradient. Primary Active transport (builds [] gradients, imports/exports/stores PE), contransport(Uses PE in an electrochemical gradient from primary to move a second substance), bulk transport (movememt of large/amount of molecules in/out of cell w/out crossing cell membrane).

Front 24

Electrochemical gradient

Back 24

When ions pumped thru during primary Active transport, creates [] gradient and charge diff across membrane

Front 25

Bulk transport

Back 25

Vesicles used.

Exocytosis:leaving cell

Endocytosis: entering cell (phagocytosis:particulate matter. Pinocytosis: extracellular fluid&its molecules)

Front 26

Nucleus

Back 26

Contains chromosomes (made of chromatin(DNA+histones)) & nucleolus (ribosomes made here). Covered by nuclear envelope

Front 27

Endomembrane system

Back 27

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysomes, plasma membranes & vesicles

Front 28

Vesicles

Back 28

Small membrane sacs that transport substances, bud off of organelles

Front 29

Nuclear envelope

Back 29

Defines nucleus boundary. 2 continuous membranes. Nuclear pore = gateway in&out

Front 30

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 30

Network of sacs&tubules, connected to outside nuclear envelope. Site of protein(at rough) & lipid (at smooth) synthesis. Large surface area carries many enzymes

Front 31

RER

Back 31

Protein synthesis, covered in ribosomes

Front 32

SER

Back 32

Lipid synthesis. No ribosomes, produces vesicles. Detoxifies in liver

Front 33

Golgi apparatus

Back 33

Sorts&modifies proteins&lipids from ER. Site of carbohydrate synthesis (for glycoprotein). Not connected to ER, needs vesicles

Front 34

Lysosomes

Back 34

Membrane bags of hydrolytic enzymes (use hydrolysis for breakdowns). Internal pH of 5 to optimize enzyme function (Cell pH of 7 would kill lysosome enzymes). Enzymes made in RER, modified at GA. Breaksdown macromolecules & transports out of to cytosol

Front 35

Protein sorting

Back 35

AA sequences (several types) on peptide chains formed in cytosol direct protein to final destination (cytosol, organelle lumens, out of cell, Endomembrane system membranes)

Front 36

Vacuoles

Back 36

Membrane bags. Plant central(structure&storage), food(via phagocytosis), contractile(pumps excess water out of cell).

Front 37

Mitochondria & chloroplasts

Back 37

Both: transform E, not part of Endomembrane system. 1+ membranes, have own DNA and protein synthesis (w own ribosomes) --> grow/divide independantly of cell. Evolved from captured bacteria

Front 38

Mitochondria

Back 38

Provide eukaryotic cells w most of their E. Site of cellular respiration (transforms sugar into ATP. Consumes oxygen& releases carbon dioxide). 1-1k+ per cell

Front 39

Chloroplasts

Back 39

Site of photosynthesis (light E captured&transformed into PE in sugar bonds. Releases oxygen)