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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sodium chemistry? |
Na+ 135 to 145 |
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Potassium chemistry? |
K+ 3.5 to 5.5 |
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Chloride chemistry? |
Cl- 98 to 107 |
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Total serum? |
CO2, 22 to 32 |
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Sodium - Hyponatremia |
Low soduim Diuretics Vomiting, diarrhea |
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Sodium - hypernatremia |
High sodium Water loss Increased salt intake First indication of thirst! |
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Potassium - hypokalemia |
Low potassium. Diuretics/important to replace K+ usually KCL. Caused by respiratory and metabolic alkalosis. Effects muscles, deadly if heart muscle affected. Affects resp muscles, assess electrolytes before wean. |
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Potassium - hyperkalemia |
High potassium Caused by renal disease Some drugs can cause it Affects heart muscles, can be deadly |
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Chloride - hyperchloremia |
High chloride |
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Chloride - Hypochloremia |
Low chloride |
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Total serum CO2? |
Combination of dissolved and HCO3 Buffers the pH of the blood |
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Anion gap? |
Difference between cations and anions Normal below 12 Increased gap means metabolic acidosis |
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Magnesium? |
Needed to absorb potassium. Low levels can lead to heart arrhythmias. |
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Lactate? |
Result of anaerobic metabolism - low oxygen. Metabolic acidosis |
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Renal test? |
Kidney Failure BUN, Blood Urea Nitrogen. 7 to 21. Creatinine. 0.7 to 1.4 If high suspect renal failure |
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BMP? |
Basic Metabolic Profile includes electrolytes, glucose, BUN/creatinine |
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Enzymes? |
Destruction of tissue releases enzymes. Specific enzymes mean certain organs. Used to identify problems with heart, liver, etc Cardiac enzymes BNP detects heart muscle pumping function Troponin measured for cardiac injury, starts to elevate 2 to 3 hours after injury |
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Proteins? |
CRP measures inflammation disease. Albumin measures nutritional status and other things. Maintains osmotic pressure: acts like sponge to keep water in blood vessels. Carries and stores hormones, drugs, electrolytes etc.. Can be a sign of malnutrition |
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Glucose normal? |
70 to 105 |
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Glucose - hyperglycemia |
High blood sugar Diabetes, insulin needed to metabolize sugar at cellular level |
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Glucose - hypoglycemia |
Low blood sugar Best to test when fasting |
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Lipids (fats) |
Cholesterol 150 to 220 is normal Increased levels can lead to heart disease |
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Coagulation tests (used mostly to monitor anticoagulation therapy)? |
Bleeding problems Prothrombin time (PT) Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) - measure clotting time. INR - international normal ratio Platelets needed to clot blood, 150,000 to 400,000 |
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Hematology |
RBC- 5 to 6 L Hemoglobin- 12 to 16 Hematocit- 40 to 50 Anemia- low RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocit. Less oxygen ability to carry ability to carry oxygen. |
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Polycythemia |
High RBC More ability to carry oxygen Chronic hypoxic patients develop High altitude Thicker blood more heart failure |
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CBC? |
WBC 4000 to 11000 Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Moncytes |
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Leukopenia |
Low WBC. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Reverse isolation, protect pt from infection. |
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Leukocytosis |
High WBC count High neutrophils- infection or inflammation. High Eosinophils- allergic reaction High lymphocytes- viral infection |
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Leukemia |
Cancer of bone marrow cells, causes very high WBC |
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Microbiology of sputum? |
Lab identifies the microorganisms Normal flora Gram Stain Shape (cocci, rods) Acid fast stain (AFB) look for TB Cultures 24 hours to a week, most take 24 to 48 hours Grow on different mediums In vitro testing with antibiotics to see which antibiotics work on that bug. Antimicrobial resistance when develop several resistance genes. |
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Sputum collection? |
Collect from lungs. Rinse mouth, brush teeth, to decrease oral contamination. Induced sputum: needs help IE: mist, hypertonic saline, CPT. Suction sample (luken or lukey tube). More invasive sputum collection Bronchoscopy- look into lungs with scope Broncho alveolar lavage- flush out cells in the alveoli, push in saline |
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Examination of sputum? |
. Lots of bacteria means oral secretions.Acceptable specimens < 25 squamous cells and > 10 polymorphonuclear leukocytes.Color, blood, viscosity, odor.Gram Stain and culture Acceptable specimens < 25 squamous cells and > 10 polymorphonuclear leukocytes.Color, blood, viscosity, odor.Gram Stain and culture specimens < 25 squamous cells and > 10 polymorphonuclear leukocytes.Color, blood, viscosity, odor.Gram Stain and culture . Color, blood, viscosity, odor. Gram Stain and culture |
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Pleural fluid? |
Thoracentesis, draw fluid from pleural space with needle. Clear and pale. Yellow is normal. Increased amount of normal is usually heart disease opaque or turbid is infection. Hemorrhagic is tumor or trauma, pulmonary infarct. |
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Urinalysis? |
Normal urine output is about 30 to 70 ml/hr (1 to 2 L per day). Appearance, color or cloudy Specific Gravity (dehydration) Ph balance |
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TB tests? |
Skin test. Purified protein derivative (PPD) called a mantoux. 2 step mantoux, 3 weeks after the first one. Quantiferon. Test for TB infection |
