Chapter 5

Front 1

sensory memory

Back 1

holds a large amount of perceptual inpput for a very brief time, typically less then one second

Front 2

short term memory

Back 2

memory that holds relatively little information (5-9 items) for as long as 30 seconds

Front 3

long term memory

Back 3

memory store that holds a huge amount of information for a long time. (hours, years)

Front 4

codes

Back 4

a type of mental representation, an internal "representation" of a stimulus or event.

Front 5

verbal code

Back 5

verbal description of visual

Front 6

visual code

Back 6

visualization of verbal description

Front 7

consolidation

Back 7

process of converting information stored dynamically in LTM, into structural change in the brain
-hippocampus involved

Front 8

primary effect

Back 8

increased memory for the first few stimuli, reflecting storage information on the LTM

Front 9

recency effect

Back 9

increased memory for the last few stimuli in a set, reflecting storage on the STM

Front 10

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 10

A stimulus that elicits an automatic response, without requiring prior learning
ex- food.

Front 11

conditioned response

Back 11

A response that depends, or that is conditional on pairing of the conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus; once learned, the conditioned response occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone.

Front 12

conditioned stimulus

Back 12

An originally neutral stimulus that acquires significance through pairings with an unconditioned stimulus
ex- tone

Front 13

unconditioned response

Back 13

the reflexive response elicited by a particular stimulus
ex salavation

Front 14

Acquisition

Back 14

in classical conditioning, the initial learning of the conditioned response. (obtaining the imposed/direct behavior)

Front 15

Extinction

Back 15

“unpairing” of the Conditioned Stimulus and the Unconditioned Stimulus.

Front 16

spontaneous recovery

Back 16

The process of extinction is achieved by repeatedly giving the conditioned stimulus (tone) without the unconditioned stimulus (food)

Front 17

Operant conditioning

Back 17

Process by which behavior becomes associated with its consequences. Includes voluntary behavior such as generalization, discrimination, and extinction. Includes Stimulus, response, and consequence.

Front 18

Classical conditioning

Back 18

A type of learning that occurs when neutral stimulus becomes paired (associated) with a stimulus that causes a reflexive behavior and, in time, is sufficient enough to produce that behavior

Front 19

Punishment

Back 19

decrease the likelihood that a certain behavior will occur.

Front 20

Reinforcement

Back 20

increase likelihood that a certain behavior will occur.

Front 21

Positive Reinforcement

Back 21

Occurs when a desired reinforcer is presented after a behavior, thereby increasing the likelihood of a recurrence of that behavior. (reinforcer is given after good behavior)

Front 22

Negative Reinforcement

Back 22

Occurs when an unpleasant event or circumstance is removed, thereby increasing the likelihood of a recurrence of the behavior. (bad event or action that was given prior to behavior is removed, in hope of continuous behavior)

Front 23

Negative Punishment

Back 23

Occurs when a behavior leads to the removal of a pleasant event or circumstance, thereby decreasing the likelihood of a recurrence of the behavior. (Removal of pleasant event or circumstance to decrease repetition of that behavior)

Front 24

Positive Punishment

Back 24

Occurs when a behavior leads to an undesired consequence, thereby decreasing the likelihood of a recurrence of that behavior. (Behavior produces undesired consequence, to decrease reoccurrence of that behavior.)

Front 25

Generalization

Back 25

ability to emit a learned behavior in response to a similar stimulus. Ex- child learns to wipe nose on tissue, may then wipe nose on anything else that may resemble a tissue, such as cloth, sleeve, etc.

Front 26

Discrimination

Back 26

ability to engage in a learned behavior in response to a particular stimulus but not in response to a similar one. (punishment or reinforcement for certain objects. Child is reinforced when using tissue, rather then using a sleeve)

Front 27

Successive approximations

Back 27

series of smaller behavior involved in shaping a complex behavior

Front 28

Shaping

Back 28

gradual process of reinforcing an organism for behavior that gets closer and closer to the behavior you wish to produce.

Front 29

Fixed Interval

Back 29

reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given for a response emitted after a variable interval of time.(reinforcement given on a strict schedule ex- every 10 minutes)

Front 30

Variable interval schedule

Back 30

reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a variable interval of time (given randomly, rather than every 10 minutes.)

Front 31

Fixed Ratio

Back 31

Reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses.

Front 32

Variable Ratio

Back 32

Reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a variable number of responces

Front 33

Schedules

Back 33

can be continuous or partial; if partial reinforcement can be given based on after an interval of time (interval scheduling) or based on emitted responces (ration scheduling).

Front 34

Cognitive learning

Back 34

acquisition of information that often is not immediately acted on but stored for later use. Ex- planning, evaluating, and other forms of thinking, but not acted on immediately)

Front 35

Latent learning

Back 35

occurs without behavioral signs, and

Front 36

Insight learning

Back 36

occurs when a person or animal suddenly grasps what something means and incorporates that new knowledge into old knowledge. Ex- “ah-ha” experience.

Front 37

Social (observational) learning

Back 37

that occurs through watching others, not through reinforcement.