Chapter 5-6

Front 1

Olive Branch Petition

Back 1

Adopted by the Continental Congress in July 1775 in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain. The petition affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict.

Front 2

Prohibitory Act

Back 2

The Prohibitory Act 1775 was passed as a measure of retaliation by Great Britain against the general rebellion then going on in her American colonies, which became known as the American Revolutionary War (or, to the British, the American War of Independence). It declared and provided for a naval blockade against American ports.

Front 3

Common Sense

Back 3

Consists of what people in common would agree on

Front 4

Declaration of Independence

Back 4

Statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire.

Front 5

Thomas Jefferson

Back 5

Was the third President of the United States (1801–1809) and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Jefferson was one of the most influential Founding Fathers, known for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States.

Front 6

George Mason

Back 6

American patriot, statesman, and delegate from Virginia to the U.S. Constitutional Convention. Along with James Madison, he is called the "Father of the Bill of Rights." For these reasons he is considered one of the "Founding Fathers" of the United States.

Front 7

Continental Congress

Back 7

The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution. The Congress met from 1774 to 1789 in three incarnations.

Front 8

Articles of Confederation

Back 8

First constitution of the United States of America and specified how the national government was to operate.

Front 9

George Washington

Back 9

Was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775–1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander in chief of the Continental Army, 1775–1783, and presiding over the writing of the Constitution in 1787.

Front 10

Bunker Hill

Back 10

The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775, mostly on and around Breed's Hill, during the Siege of Boston early in the American Revolutionary War.

Front 11

General Thomas Gage

Back 11

Thomas Gage (1719 or 1720[1] – April 2, 1787) was a British general, best known for his role in the early days of the American War of Independence.

Front 12

Hessians

Back 12

Soldiers in eighteenth-century German regiments hired through their rulers by the British Empire. Though used in several conflicts, they are most widely associated with combat operations in the American Revolutionary War.

Front 13

Lord Cornwallis

Back 13

Styled Viscount Brome between 1753 and 1762 and known as The Earl Cornwallis between 1762 and 1792, was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. In the United States and United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence.

Front 14

Nathanael Greene

Back 14

Major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. When the war began, Greene was a militia private, the lowest rank possible; he emerged from the war with a reputation as George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer.

Front 15

John Adams

Back 15

American statesman, diplomat and political theorist. A leading champion of independence in 1776, he was the second President of the United States (1797–1801). A New England Yankee, he was deeply read and represented Enlightenment values promoting republicanism.

Front 16

John Bay

Back 16

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Front 17

Treaty of Paris 1783

Back 17

Formally ended the American Revolutionary War between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America

Front 18

Women During Wartime

Back 18

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Front 19

Abigail Adams

Back 19

Wife of John Adams, who was the second President of the United States, and the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth. She was the first Second Lady of the United States, and the second First Lady of the United States.

Front 20

Civic Virtue

Back 20

Cultivation of habits of personal living that are claimed to be important for the success of the community.

Front 21

Ordinance of 1784

Back 21

Called for the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to be divided into separate states.

Front 22

North West Ordinance

Back 22

Act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.

Front 23

Shay's Rebellion

Back 23

Armed uprising in central and western Massachusetts (mainly Springfield) from 1786 to 1787. The rebellion is named after Daniel Shays, a veteran of the American Revolution who led the rebels, known as "Shaysites" or "Regulators". Most of Shays' compatriots were poor farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes. Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtor's prisons or the claiming of property by the government.

Front 24

Alexander Hamilton

Back 24

First United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher. Aide-de-camp to General George Washington during the American Revolutionary War, he was a leader of nationalist forces calling for a new Constitution; he was one of America's first Constitutional lawyers, and wrote most of the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation. Hamilton was the primary author of the economic policies of the George Washington Administration, especially the funding of the state debts by the Federal government, the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs, and friendly trade relations with Britain.

Front 25

The Founding Fathers

Back 25

The Signers (who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States).

Front 26

The Virginia Plan

Back 26

The Virginia Plan was presented to the Constitutional Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. The Virginia Plan favored the large states, which would have a much greater voice. In opposition, the small states proposed the New Jersey Plan. In the end, the two sides found common ground through the Connecticut Compromise.

Front 27

The Great Compromise

Back 27

Ending weeks of stalemate, the Connecticut Compromise reconciled the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for determining legislative representation in Congress. The Connecticut Compromise established equal representation for all states in the Senate and proportional representation by population in the House of Representatives.

Front 28

James Madison

Back 28

James Madison, Jr. (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817) and is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

Front 29

Sovereignty

Back 29

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Front 30

Separation of Powers

Back 30

The state is divided into branches, each with independent powers and of responsibilities. Usually normal division of branches is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.

Front 31

Federalist

Back 31

Federalists believed in a strong central government. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. The Federalist influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention.

Front 32

Anti Federalist

Back 32

Rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states.

Front 33

The Federalist Papers

Back 33

A series of newspaper articles written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, the Federalist Papers enumerated the arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the Anti-Federalists.

Front 34

The Bill of Rights

Back 34

The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil natural rights of American citizens.

Front 35

The Cabinet

Back 35

A Cabinet is a body of high ranking members of the government, typically representing the executive branch. It can also sometimes be referred to as the Council of Ministers, an Executive Council, or an Executive Committee.

Front 36

Bank of the United States 1790's

Back 36

Bank was created to handle the financial needs and requirements of the central government of the newly formed United States, which had previously been thirteen individual colonies with their own banks, currencies, financial institutions, and policies.

Front 37

Whiskey Rebellion

Back 37

tax protest in Pennsylvania in the 1790s, during the presidency of George Washington. The conflict was rooted in western dissatisfaction with a 1791 excise tax on whiskey. The tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to centralize and fund the national debt. From the national perspective the issue was how laws passed by the Congress would be enforced.

Front 38

Citizen Genet

Back 38

French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution.

Front 39

Jay's Treaty

Back 39

treaty between the United States and Great Britain that is credited with averting war,[2] solving many issues left over from the American Revolution and the Treaty of Paris of 1783,[3] and opening ten or more years of mostly peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars that had begun in 1793.

Front 40

Pinckney's Treaty

Back 40

Established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

Front 41

The Quasi War

Back 41

undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. In the United States, the conflict was sometimes also referred to as the Franco-American War, the Undeclared War with France, the Undeclared Naval War, the Pirate Wars, or the Half-War.

Front 42

The XYZ Affair

Back 42

The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic event that strained relations between France and the United States, and led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi-War. It took place from March of 1798 to 1800

Front 43

Alien and Sedition Acts

Back 43

bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress during an undeclared naval war with France, later known as the Quasi-War. They were signed into law by President John Adams. Proponents claimed the acts were designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to prevent seditious attacks from weakening the government

Front 44

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Back 44

political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures resolved to not abide by Alien and Sedition Acts. They argued that the Acts were unconstitutional and therefore void, and in doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution. They were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.

Front 45

Aaron Burr

Back 45

erved as the third Vice President of the United States (1801–1805) under President Thomas Jefferson, and was the first Vice President to never serve as President. He fought in the Revolutionary War, was an important political figure in the nation's early history, and spent much of his career after politics engaging in a number of controversial adventures.

Front 46

The Judiciary Act of 1801

Back 46

represented an effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court during the early 19th century. There was concern, beginning in 1789, about the system that required the justices of the Supreme Court to “ride circuit” and reiterate decisions made in the appellate level courts.[1] The Supreme Court justices often took advantage of opportunities to voice concern and to suggest that the judges of the Supreme and circuit courts be divided.