Chapter 5

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

The process of detecting environmental stimuli or stimuli arising from the body

Front 2

Transduction

Back 2

The process of translation from stimulus to neural signals

Front 3

Perception

Back 3

The process of interpreting sensory information

Front 4

Sensory adaptation

Back 4

The tendency to pay less attention to a nonchanging source of stimulation

Front 5

Bottom up processing

Back 5

Perception based on building simple input into more complex perceptions

Front 6

Top down processing

Back 6

A perceptual Process in which memory and other cognitive processes are required for interpreting incoming sensory information. ( knowledge we gain from pervious experience effects this)

Front 7

With absolute and difference threshold and signal detection

Back 7

How do we measure perception?

Front 8

Absolute threshold

Back 8

The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected at least 50% of the time

Front 9

1) physical stimulus interacts with our biological sensory systems.

2) stimulus is then translated into a neural signal through the process of Transduction

3) once transduced, the process of perception begins

Back 9

How does sensory information travel to the brain?

Front 10

Difference threshold

Back 10

The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli

Front 11

Signal detection

Back 11

The analysis of sensory and decision making processes in the detection of faint, uncertain stimuli

Front 12

Brightness

Back 12

What does the amplitude of light energy represent?

Front 13

Color or shades of gray

Back 13

What does the wavelength of visual energy represent?

Front 14

Gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, microwaves, and radio waves

Back 14

What types of light energy cannot be seen by the human eye?

Front 15

Vision

Back 15

The sense that allows us to proces reflected light

Front 16

Cornea

Back 16

The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina

Front 17

Pupil

Back 17

An opening in the eye that is second to let in light, formed by the muscles of the iris

Front 18

Iris

Back 18

The brightly colored circular muscle surround the pupil of the eye

Front 19

Dilated pupils

Back 19

Arousal is associated with what?

Front 20

Constricted pupils

Back 20

Relaxation is associated with what

Front 21

Lens

Back 21

The clear structure behind the pupil that bends light toward the retina. It allows us to see near or distant objects.

Front 22

Retina

Back 22

Layers of the visual processing cells in the back of the eye

Front 23

Rods

Back 23

A photoreceptor specialized to detect dim light. Helps us see in the dark

Front 24

Cones

Back 24

A photoreceptor in the retina that processes color and fine detail

Front 25

Rods and cones

Back 25

What are the two true receptors of the eye?

Front 26

Fovea

Back 26

An area of the retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision

Front 27

Because there are no rods and cones in the optic disk

Back 27

Why do humans have a blind spot in their eyes?

Front 28

Optic nerve

Back 28

The nerve exiting the retina of the eye. Formed by axon from the final layer of cells.

Front 29

Optic tracts

Back 29

Nerve pathways traveling from the optic chasm to the thalmus, hypothalamus, and midbrain

Front 30

Trichromatic theory

Back 30

A theory of color vision based on the existence of different types of cones for the detection of short, medium, and long wavelengths. Good for explaining the functions of the three types of cones in the retina

Front 31

Blue, green, and red

Back 31

What are the primary colors of vision?

Front 32

Opponent process theory

Back 32

A theory of color vision that suggests that we have a red-green color channel and a blue-yellow color channel in which activation of one color in each pair inhibits the other color. Helps to understand higher levels of visual analysis in thalmus, and cerebral cortex

Front 33

Because the genes for the pigments used by red and green cones are located on the X chromosome

Back 33

Why are men more affected by color deficiency than women?

Front 34

Depth perception

Back 34

The ability to use the two dimensional image projected on the retina to perceive three dimensions

Front 35

Monocular cue

Back 35

A depth cue that requires the use of only one eye

Front 36

Binocular cue

Back 36

A depth cue that requires the use of both eyes

Front 37

Retinal disparity

Back 37

The difference between the images projected onto each eye

Front 38

Thalmus

Back 38

Acts as the target for most axon forming the optics tracts

Front 39

Primary visual cortex (Occipital lobe)

Back 39

Receives visual input from the thalmus and performs initial analysis of input

Front 40

Cochlea

Back 40

The structure in the inner ear that contains auditory receptions receptors

Front 41

Bailar membrane

Back 41

Membrane in the Cochlea on which the organ of corti is located

Front 42

Organ of corti

Back 42

A structure located on the basilar membrane that contains hair like audio receptors that transduce sound energy

Front 43

Auditory nerve

Back 43

Nerve carrying sound information from the Cochlea to the brain

Front 44

With the basilar membrane

Back 44

How do we perceive pitch?

Front 45

Frequency

Back 45

Hoe do we perceive loudness?

Front 46

The pinna

Back 46

How do we localize noises

Front 47

Somatosensation

Back 47

The body senses, including body position, touch, skin temperature, and pain

Front 48

Vestibular system

Back 48

The system in the inner ear that provides information about body potion and movement

Front 49

Hands and face

Back 49

What are the two most sensitive parts of the body?

Front 50

Gate theory

Back 50

The theory that suggests that input from touch fibers competes with input from pain receptors, possibly preventing pain messages from reaching the brain

Front 51

Olfaction

Back 51

The sense of smell

Front 52

Gustation

Back 52

The sense of taste

Front 53

Olfactory nerve

Back 53

A nerve carrying olfactory information from the olfactory receptors to the olfactory bulbs

Front 54

Olfactory bulb

Back 54

One of two structures below the frontal lobes of the brain that recieve input from the olfactory receptors in the nose

Front 55

Papillae

Back 55

Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds

Front 56

Taste bud

Back 56

A structure found in Papillae that contains taste receptor cells

Front 57

Primary auditory cortex (on temporal lobe)

Back 57

Recieves and performs an Irish analysis of auditory input from the thalmus

Front 58

Thalmus

Back 58

Recieves auditory input from the brainstem and connects to the primary auditory cortex

Front 59

Tympanic membrane

Back 59

Begins the process of Transduction of sound waves when movement occurs (sound)