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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain how the spinal cord produces a reflex movement |
-Reflexes send signal from PNS to CNS to PNS allowing for automatic response to certain stimuli and bypassing the processing done by the brain -Sensors detect stimulus. Sensory neurons convey info to the spinal cord, then sends signals to motor neurons which convey the signal to the muscle causing it to move, also communicating with interneurons that inhibit motor neurons from activating the opposite response of the reflex. |
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What are ependymal cells |
glial cells that line ventricles of the brain containing cilia that help to circulate CSF |
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What are microglia cells |
glial cells that provide protection from pathogens |
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What are oligodendrocytes |
glial cells that form myelin sheath around axons of CNS - schwann cells perform this function in PNS |
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What are astrocytes |
glial cells that provide structural support for neurons regulating ion concentrations and blood flow in the brain
-responsible for the formation of the blood-brain barrier |
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Distinguish between afferent and efferent neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). |
-Afferent Neurons transmit information to the CNS mainly sensory neurons
-Efferent neurons transmit information from CNS to organs, glands, and muscles (effector cells) |
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Describe sympathetic which is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. |
Sympathetic ( fight or flight ): high energy responses, bronchioles dilate, heart rate increases, digestion blocked, epinephrine and norepinephrine released by adrenal medulla |
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Describe parasympathetic which is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. |
parasympathetic ( rest and digest ): high low energy responses, lowered heart rate, enhanced digestion |
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Describe enteric which is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. |
enteric: digestion, pancreas, gallbladder, peristalsis of smooth muscles |
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Describe the functions of the brainstem. |
The brainstem conducts information between brain centers transferring info between the PNS and the forebrain |
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Describe the functions of the midbrain |
Midbrain receives and integrates sensory information terminating or passing on sensory axons |
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Describe the functions of the medulla oblongata |
medulla oblongata controls involuntary activities (breathing, digestion, circulation, etc.) |
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Describe the functions of the cerebellum |
Cerebellum is linked to limb movement, coordination, balance, learning and remembering motor skills, hand-eye coordinations |
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Describe the functions of the hypothalmus |
regulates homeostasis ( blood pressure, fight or flight, reproduction, hunger, thirst, etc.) |
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Describe the functions of the thalmus |
main input sensor for sensory information -sensory information is sorted and distributed to other brain regions for further processing -relay of information from cerebral cortex and brainstem |
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Describe the functions of the cerebrum |
main center of information processing -complex thought processes and behaviors -memory, learning, speech, and emotion -two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum -left side controls right half of the body and the right controls the left |
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Describe the cerebral cortex |
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum with a large surface area by sulci and gyri. It's composed of grey matter controlling perception, voluntary movement, and learning |
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Describe the four lobes of the cerebral cortex |
Each lobe contains primary sensory areas that receive and process sensory inputs and association areas that integrate information and communicate with other areas of the brain
-Frontal, pairetal, occipital, and temporal
-input received from sense organs and somatosensory receptors |
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What is the location and function of the somatosensory cortex? |
parietal lobe - processing somatosensory inputs |
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What is the location and function of the motor cortex? |
frontal lobe - producing motor commands in response to sensory processing |
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Define neural plasticity and describe the ways in which the brain can change over time. |
Neural plasticity is the ability to remodel our neuron connections after birth particularly in response to activity ( changes can strengthen or weaken a signal at synapse ) |
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Describe the properties of short term and long term memories and the regions of the brain associated with their storage and processing |
-short term:accessed through the hippocampus -long term: more permanent connections made in the cerebral cortex Hippocampus is needed for making new long term memories but not for maintaining them |
