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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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action potentials that reach the brain via sensory neurons
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sensory
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Interpretation in the brain
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perceptions
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colors, smells, sounds, and tastes, are constructions of the brain and do not exist outside it
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perceptions
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detect stimuli originating outside the body
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Externoreceptors
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stimuli originating inside the body
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Internoreceptors
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Process in which sensory indicators get singles
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sensory transduction
amplification transmission integration |
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(1) The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential
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sensory transduction
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a sensory receptor's version of a graded potenetial
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Receptor potential
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The strengthening of stimulus energy so that it can be detected by the nervous system
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Amplification
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The conduction of sensory impulses to the CNS
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transmission
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affects the amount of neurotransmitter released by the sensory receptor
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strength of the stimulus and receptor potential
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the receptor potentials affects the frequency of action potentials
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intensity
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The sumation of graded potentials occurs
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Intergration
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a decrease in responsiveness to continued stimulation (continuous stimulation doesn't mean there is continuous transmissions
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sensory adaptation
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Detects pressure
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mechanical receptors
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Nerve endings not protected
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Pain Receptors-
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Temp. Receptors
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thermoreceptors
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respond to chemical stimuli
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chemoreceptors
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Eyes
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electromagnetic receptors
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Taste receptors in insects are located
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on their
feet and mouth |
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In mammals taste receptors are located
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in taste buds, most of which are on the surface of the tongue
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Muscles move skeletal parts by
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contractions
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action of a muscle is always to
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contract
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Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton in
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antagonistic pairs
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Units of skeletal muscles
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long muscle fibers
muscle fibers Myofilbers Sacromere |
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run parallel to the length of the muscle
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Long muscle fibers
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Muscle fibers
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itself a bundler of smaller myofibrils arranged longitudinally
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Myofibrils are composed of
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2 strands of actin fibers-thin and thick filaments- strand of myosin fibers
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Thin filaments
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2 strands of actin and one strand of regulary proteins
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Thick filaments
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staggered arrays of myosin molecules
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Sacromere is composed of
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Z line
H zone A band I band |
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As a result of this sliding the _____ and the ____ shrink
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I band
H-zone |
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When a muscle is at rest Myosin binding sites are
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covered by
tropomyosin |
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The stimulus leading to the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber is an
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action
potential |
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The synaptic terminal of the motor neuron Releases the neurotransmitter ____ which
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acetylcholine
depolarizing the muscle and causing it to produce and action potential |
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Action potentials travel to the interior of the muscle fiber by
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Traveling along plasma membrane infolding called T tublules
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T tubles (T stand for)
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Transverse
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The t tubles
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(1) Causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca+2
(2) The Ca+2 binds to the troponin- tropomyosin complex on the thin filaments |
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Sarcoplamic reticulum produces
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Ca ions
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two basic mechanisms by which the nervous system produces graded contractions of whole muscles
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(a) By varying the muscles of fiber that contract
(b) By varying the rate at which muscle fibers are stimulated |
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Each branched muscle fiber is innervated by
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only one motor neuron
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motor neurons my synapse with
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(a)
May synapse with multiple muscle fibers |
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Consists of a single motor neuron and all the
muscles fibers it controls |
motor units
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Results in form a single action potenital in a motor neuron
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Twitch
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rapidly delivered action potientals produce
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(1)
Produce a graded contraction by summation |
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a state of smooth and sustained contraction
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tetanus
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tentanus is produced when
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(1) Produced when motor neurons deliver a volley of action potentials
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