Chapter 46 The Ot Process

Front 1

1.The OT process, in overview, is a therapeutic method of

Back 1

problem solving

Front 2

2.The kinds of problems which occupational therapy targets are related to ______________________ performance.

Back 2

occupational

Front 3

3.OTs evaluate clients by collecting and organizing data about occupational performance to emerge with a _______________________ of client abilities and disabilities in occupational performance.

Back 3

profile

Front 4

4.The OT practitioner collecting and analyzing data uses ________________ to determine which data must be collected and how data will be organized and interpreted.

Back 4

theory

Front 5

5.Sometimes in OT independence in a skill is the ______________ of the OT process but sometimes it may be learning to perform a skill in a new and compensatory way

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outcomes

Front 6

6.The OT process has several characterizations. One is that it is problem-focused, not so much on the medical condition or diagnosis itself so much as on the performance problem or the ___________________ diagnosis.

Back 6

occupational

Front 7

7.Active participation of the client is required in the OT process. We thus say that the OT process is accomplished _____________________.

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collaborativley

Front 8

8.The entire OT process aims to achieve an outcome. We can thus say that it is ______________ oriented.

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results

Front 9

9.Although the OT process provides a ______________________ for reasoning, it is distinct form reasoning, partially describing the steps or blocks in thought that must occur but not explaining how therapists actually think.

Back 9

foundation

Front 10

Although the OT process looks linear in its depiction as a straight line, it is really __________. When a reevaluation indicates that a problem has not been solved, the plan will be reviewed and revised.

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cyclical

Front 11

12.Occupational performance is itself said to be complex and to be a function of a _______________________ between factors internal to persons and external to them.

Back 11

transaction

Front 12

13.Independent behavior can be viewed as the result of an ___________ between the competence of the person and the demands of the environment.

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interaction

Front 13

14. The balance between personal competence to perform and environmental demands may be disrupted by _________________, _____________________, and ______________ impairments related to disease, accident, developmental disorder, or advanced age.

Back 13

physical, cognitive, affective

Front 14

15.Environmental demands for performance can be associated with ___________________ and __________________ in the environment.

Back 14

people, objects

Front 15

Although all professions use a similar problem solving process, the phenomenon that makes the process unique in OT is its application of the process to __________________________.

Back 15

occupational performance

Front 16

11. The 5 components of the OT process are highly interactive. The process is thus said to be _____________________.

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dynamic

Front 17

Person (client) capacities are challenged by the requirements of tasks which can be called ___________________________.

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task demands

Front 18

The analytic process of breaking tasks down into discrete, sequential steps in called _________________________________.

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task analysis

Front 19

The environment surrounding the task influences task performance. This influence is called ___________________________________.

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environmental demands

Front 20

Holm and Rogers call the interdependence among personal competence, tasks demands, and environmental demands the PTE _____________________________.

Back 20

transaction

Front 21

A practitioner who is thinking about the steps in making tea in order to help a client complete the task as part of an intervention is involved in ____________________________.

Back 21

task analysis

Front 22

A practitioner who has just created a list of client’s abilities and disabilities in driving in order to better define the problem has formulated an occupational ____________________.

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profile

Front 23

A practitioner who has decided over time that a client may not get return of grip strength and thus introduced the use of utensils with built up handles is using a (an) _____________________________ approach.

Back 23

compensatory

Front 24

A practitioner, in evaluating bathing, analyzes client factors such as upper and lower extremity strength but will also analyzes the demands such as reaching the feet, the faucet. In the latter case the practitioner is evaluating the __________________________.

Back 24

task demands

Front 25

A practitioner is deciding which strategies to use to address the client’s bathing problems. He is in what step of the 5-step OT process? ___________________________

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intervention planning

Front 26

1. To _______________________________ means to examine and form an opinion about.

Back 26

evaluate

Front 27

2. During evaluations in clinical environments, therapists must recognize that clients are performing under __________________ rather than real life situations.

Back 27

labratory conditions

Front 28

3. Sometimes clinical conditions hinder client performances because task objects and equipment are ____________________________.

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unfamiliar

Front 29

4. An evaluation protocol of PT (person-task) fails to directly evaluate _________________

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environment

Front 30

5. Regardless of theory used, data collection in OT is guided by theory and follows a logical sequence. We thus say that data collection is _________________.

Back 30

systematic

Front 31

Evidence that a structured evaluation procedure based on Clinical Practice Guidelines Post Stroke Rehabilitation was superior to reviewing data from medical charts was apparent in a research study conducted in 2006 by _________________________________________.

Back 31

Edwards and colleagues

Front 32

The three primary methods for practitioners to obtain data about clients’ occupational performance are asking questions using interviews or questionnaires, testing performance and ______________________________________________.

Back 32

observing performance

Front 33

The disadvantage of asking questions is that it is more _________________ than observing or testing; the advantage is that it is less ___________________and _______________________.

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subjective, expensive, labor intensive

Front 34

Testing that allows practitioners to compare their client’s performance outcomes to those of peer reference groups is known as ________________________________ testing.

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norm reference

Front 35

Some practicalities that practitioners consider when determining the method for of data gathering methods include ________________________ and ________________________.

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equipment availability, time allowed for evaluation

Front 36

Decisions about the tasks to evaluate are based on the clients’ _____________________.

Back 36

values

Front 37

The _______________________ role requires adults to perform occupations necessary to fill their need for food, clothing, and shelter.

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personal care

Front 38

The most common parameter used to measure occupational performance is the level of ____________________.

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independance

Front 39

The least assistive type of assistance is ____________________________________.

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assistive technology

Front 40

Non-physical assistance includes task set up, supervision, stand-by assistance and ___________________________________.

Back 40

verbal and non verbal cues

Front 41

Demonstration or gestures used to communicate instructions to clients about task performance is known as ________________________________________.

Back 41

non verbal cueing

Front 42

. Clients’ beliefs about their ability to perform tasks I known as _________________________.

Back 42

perceived self efficacy

Front 43

_________________________ is not a function of the environment per se but rather a characteristic of the person-environment transaction.

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safety

Front 44

Commonly risk connotes physical risk but may also include _____________________ of the client.

Back 44

poor judgement

Front 45

Efficiency of task performance implies a minimum of unnecessary

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effort

Front 46

The level of _______________________ experienced during task performance is increasingly being viewed as a marker of preclinical ____________________________.

Back 46

difficulty, disability

Front 47

Shooting, burning, or dull pain indicates its__________________ whereas sever to moderate indicates its ____________________________.

Back 47

character, intensity

Front 48

Fatigue and shortness of breath or _________________________ often occur together

Back 48

dyspnea

Front 49

An interesting aspect of fatigue is that it can result from ___________________________ as well as __________________________ physical activity. Practitioners often cannot

Back 49

too much. too little

Front 50

Parameters for emphasizing acceptability of the outcome of an acti0n are _____________________, _________________________, ____________________________, and ______________________.

Back 50

societal standards, satisfaction, experience, observant activity

Front 51

If clients possess a needed skill but fail to use it routinely, a _____________________ intervention plan for increasing the frequency of its use would be in order.

Back 51

motivational

Front 52

A skill deficit would be approached by ________________ the skill.

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practicing

Front 53

Affective, cognitive, and motoric functions are measured with capacity-specific assessments when evaluating ____________________ capacities.

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person

Front 54

To assess _______________________, a detailed analysis is done of task requirements

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task demands

Front 55

More recently, rather than assessing environments in isolation, newer assessments favor assessing ___________________________________.

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person in environement

Front 56

Personal attitudes and the policies and procedures enforced by person can cause performance discrepancies and difficulties as much as physical barriers can. These are part of the __________________ environment.

Back 56

social

Front 57

One reason that clients may not be able to perform a task is because they never learned to do it. They lacked __________________________.

Back 57

exexperience

Front 58

Rogers and Holm favor the use of a problem statement or a problem ___________________.

Back 58

definition

Front 59

To craft a problem definitions (s) or occupational diagnosis, a ________________________ is made of evaluative data about clients, their task performances, and their environments.

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profile

Front 60

Several kinds of outcomes might emerge from OT intervention. The kind of outcome put in place to assure that a negative event will not occur is a ---------- outcome

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prevention

Front 61

The outcome most typical for infants and young children is the -----------of capacity that did not previously exist

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development

Front 62

When the outcome is that of delaying the rate of functional decline, that outcome is -------

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stabilization

Front 63

Outcomes directed toward support or comfort as part of ---------care

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palliative

Front 64

Outcomes directed at improving capacities that are impaired are part of ---------

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restoration

Front 65

Simultaneous with deciding on the kinds of interventions to administer, practitioners also need to make decisions about three variables -----, -------, ------

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duration, frequency, intensity

Front 66

When practitioners foretell a specific clients future occupational profile taking into account "this" clinet in concert with OT knowledge of the likely course of the condition, this action is the manifestation of --------- judgement

Back 66

prognostic

Front 67

Almost immediate results are obtained when ------ and------ are manipulated; whereas more delayed changes occur with -------- oriented interventions

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tasks, environements, client capacity

Front 68

An OT practitioner works with doctoral student Amy to help interrupt static postures at the computer and to promote motion in order to reduce numbness and tingling and establish healthy hand habits

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restore/develop person habit

Front 69

An OT program focuses on using everyday activities to improve Carolines strength and coordination prior to beginning kindergarten to establish functional hand grasp for handwriting

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restore/develop person skill

Front 70

An OT recommends systems for Joshua to access materials in his room, to decrease visual stimuli, and to allow frequent study breaks because of Joshua's high level of distractability and tendency to not complete his homework

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modify environemental demands for habit deficiencies

Front 71

An OT practitioner adapted a bigfoot with hand controls so that 3-yr-old Jason couldmove around his neighborhood in spite of his paralysis

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modify task demands for skill deficits

Front 72

An OT suggested using an audio cassette tape player and headset with Mrs. Gordon who is confined tobed and screams akk the time in the nursing home

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modify task demands for habit deficits

Front 73

An OT supplies Norbert, with an undifferentiated schizophrenia, with a Neuro page system to help cue him to wake up in the morning, take his meds, and gather items fo work in a sheltered employment program

Back 73

modify environmental demands for skill deficits

Front 74

The OT helped put favorite pictures of Mr. Grant and his wife on Mr. Grants door to help him find his room in an assisted living center because he otherwise got lost due to his dementia

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modify environmental demands for skill deficits

Front 75

During re-evaluation, the predicted outcomes are evaluated using the measures used during the -------

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evaluation

Front 76

In addition to justifying the success of OT interventions on client's performance, re-evaluation provides practitioners with an opportunity to assess ----------

Back 76

their own performance

Front 77

Trombly labeled the intervention approach that begins with evaluating and treating the bottom layer of personal capabilities such as ROM, short-term memory, or motivation the -------- approach

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bottom-up

Front 78

The approach delineated within the OTPF is one that begins with evaluating and then addressing actions inherent within role performance such as the roles of student or homemaker is known as the -------approach

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top down

Front 79

The rationale supporting the-------- approach is that body structures and functions support task performance in occupational roles and areas and by restoring these capacities and functions to their more normal state task, performance will improve

Back 79

bottom up

Front 80

A practitioner focusing fisrt and foremost on evaluation and intervention of Mr. Johns muscle tone, reflexes, and postural control, is using the --------approach

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bottom up

Front 81

The rationale underlying the------approach is that eben though impairment in body functions cannot be cured, activities and social particiipation can be improved through adapted performance of tasks and actions (with the use of adaptive equipment and strategies)

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top down

Front 82

In focusing first and foremost on Johns concern about his role as self career, husband, grandfather, and volunteer at the local hospital, the approach being used is the -------approach

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top down

Front 83

A goal of improving endurance wouldbe part of a ------- approach

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bottom up

Front 84

A goal of managing meal preparation wouldbe part of the ------- approach

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top down

Front 85

The bottom up approach is generally initiated with the intent to switch to the ------approach if full recovery does not occur

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top down

Front 86

A disadvantage of the bottom up approach is that clients may not see the ------- between inteventions aimed at disctete impairments and their daily activities and challenges

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connection

Front 87

The top down approach has the advantage of reinforcing and expediting a process that people often implent --------

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naturally

Front 88

A disadvantage of the top down approach is that for interventions to be maximally effective, they must occur in the occupational --------- in which the client lives works or plays

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context

Front 89

The pivotal point in the client in context approach is the -----

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client

Front 90

For clients to identify problems adresable in amenable to OT intervention, they must have a clear ------ of OT

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understanding

Front 91

Clients with ------- impairments may be unable to identify their performance problems

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cognitive or process skill

Front 92

Sometimes cleints are ------ to state their problems

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reluctant

Front 93

The occupational therapy process is first driven by ------ adn then consists of five additional compnents------, ------, ------, ------, -------.

Back 93

theory; evaluation, problem definition, intervention planning, intervention implementation, and reevaluation