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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Asexual Reproduction
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-One individual, no genetic diversity in offspring, less time/energy
-Involves mitosis -Types: binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis, etc. -Parthenogenesis: development of offspring from an unfertilized egg |
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Sexual Reproduction
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-Two individuals, genetic diversity in offspring, more time/energy
-Gamete formation requires meiosisFertilization of gametes -External - Fertilization is left largely to chance -Less time and energy -Internal -Usually involves copulation (sexual intercourse) -Reduces numbers of gametes requiredIncreases probability of fertilization -Provides embryo with protection |
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Monoecious species
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-All individuals produce both egg and sperm
-No separate sexes but do not self-fertilize -E.g., flatworm - Some may be hermaphrodites: possess both male and female genitalia - E.g., earthworm |
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Dioecious species
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-Separate sexes
-Males produce sperm -Females produce eggsSpecies-specific mating rituals and organs |
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Monotremes
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-Egg-laying mammals: e.g., platypus
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Marsupials
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-Young born very premature and finish development in a pouch (not all species have a pouch): e.g., koala
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Placental mammals: e.g., human, dogs
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-Uterus
-The organ in which an embryo/fetus grows and develops -Placenta -A soft, spongy, highly vascularized tissue -Connects the mother with the embryo/fetus -Allow gas/nutrient/waste exchange between the mother and the embryo/fetus -Umbilical cord -Connects an embryo/fetus to the placenta -Amnion (amniotic cavity) -A membranous sac filled with the amniotic fluid, directly surrounding an embryo/fetus -Mammary glands -situated in the breasts/udders -Produce milk |
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Oviparity
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egg-laying
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Viviparity
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producing living young (not eggs)
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Ovoviviparity
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producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body
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Vas deferens
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The thin tube that transports sperm and fluids) from the testes to the urethra
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Epididymis
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-Stores sperm after it is produced in testes
-Connects with vas deferens |
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Seminal vesicles
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produces a fluid that provides sperm cells energy and aids in their motility
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Prostate gland
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produce supporting fluids
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Bulbourethral glands
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provides a fluid to lubricate the urethra and neutralize acidity in residual urine
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Seminiferous tubules
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produce sperm cells
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Sertoli cells
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nourish developing sperm cells
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Interstitial cells
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produce testosterone (a male sex hormone)
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Ejaculation
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-Testes-Epididymis-Vas deferens-Ejaculatory duct-Urethra
-SemenCombination of sperm cells + supporting fluids High alkalinity – protects sperm |
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Uterus
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-The uterine wall consists of three layers including the innermost layer, the endometrium -The endometrium
-Is produced once every month -Receives an embryo if fertilization occurs -Breaks up and is discharged in the menstrual flow if no fertilization occurs |
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Cervix
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the narrow end of the uterus, joining with the vagina
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Vagina
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a mucosal lining lies in fold allowing for expansion for child birth
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Oviducts
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-The path of an egg from the ovaries to the uterus
- Extend off the top left and right side of the uterus and end in fimbriae -Fertilization occurs in far end of one of the oviduct |
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The Uterine Cycle
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Sex hormones produced in the ovarian cycle affect the endometrium every 28 days
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Days 1-5:
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-The endometrium disintegrates
-Menstruation – menses (monthly discharge of blood from the uterus) pass out of the vagina |
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Days 6-13:
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-The endometrium develops
-Ovulation usually occurs on the 14th day |
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Days 15-28:
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-The endometrium doubles in thickness
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