Chapter 41

Front 1

Physical geography

Back 1

The spatial distributions of earth's climates and surface features

Front 2

Biogeograpy

Back 2

Spatial distributions of spieces

Front 3

abiotic

Back 3

Nonliving

Front 4

Biotic

Back 4

Living

Front 5

Ecological system

Back 5

1 or more organisms and the eviroment with which they exchange energy and materials

Front 6

Ecology

Back 6

The entire science of the relations of the organism to its eternal enviroment

Front 7

Population

Back 7

A group of individuals of the same spieces that live, interact and reproduce in a particular geographic area

Front 8

Community

Back 8

The assemblage of interacting populations of different spieces within a particular geographic area included within boundary of our ecological system

Front 9

Landscape

Back 9

.

Front 10

Biosphere

Back 10

.

Front 11

Ecosystem

Back 11

.

Front 12

Ethology

Back 12

The study of animal behavior from an evolutionary perspective.

-focus on "fixed action patterns" that are not learned but are resistant to modification by learning

Front 13

Releasers

Back 13

a key stimulus, as a sound, odor,moving shape, or patch of color, that elicitsa predictable behavioral response in ananimal.

Front 14

Behaviorism

Back 14

Based on nautral reflexes controlling digestive processes can be modified by unnatural stimulus rather than sight or smell of food

The conditioned reflex

Front 15

What was derived by Ivan Pavlov

Back 15

Conditioned reflex/behaviorism

He found when a normal response is paired with an artificial stimulus, an animal learns to respond even when only the artifical stimulus is presented

Front 16

Experiments

Back 16

Can distinguish between genetic and enviroment al influences on behavior

Front 17

Deprivation experiments

Back 17

Animals are reared in conditions devoid of all experience relevant to the behavior being studied

If behavior was displayed, it's inheritied

Front 18

Genetic experiment

Back 18

The genomes of organisms are altered to determine how certain genes affect their behavior

Front 19

Gene knockout experiment

Back 19

Gene knockout and gene silencing techniques are used to study gene mutations that affect behavior in fruit flies and rodents

Front 20

Selective breeding experiments

Back 20

Is an applied approach and not based in theoretical science, but it proves insights about the effects of gentic constitution on behavior

Front 21

Interbreeding experiments

Back 21

Closely related spieces that differ in certain aspects of a behavior were bred to produce hybrid offspring

Front 22

Konrad Lorenz did what

Back 22

Preformed many hybridization experiments with ducks

Front 23

What did niko tinbergen do

Back 23

Studied spatial learning in digger wasps by placing pinecone around the entrance of a females nest and moving the pine cones a short distance away once she had left the nest

Front 24

Imprinting

Back 24

Type of learning in which animals learn, during a critical period, a complex set of stimuli that later acts as a releaser

Front 25

For chosen a best habitat

Back 25

Animals seeks food, resting places, nest sites, and escape routes from predators

Front 26

Cost benifit analysis

Back 26

The energetic cost of behavior, the risk cost of behavior, and the opportunity cost of behavior

Front 27

The energetic cost of behavior

Back 27

Is the difference between the energy the animal would have expended had it rested and the energy expended in performing the behavior

Front 28

The risk cost of behavior

Back 28

Is the increased chance of being injured or killed as a result of performing the behavior, compared to resting

Front 29

The opportunity cost of behavior

Back 29

Is the sum of the benefits the animal forfeits by not being able to preform other behaviors during the same time interval

Front 30

Foraging theory

Back 30

Tries to answer questions related to how an animal looks for and acquires food, which helps us understand the survival value of feeding choices

Front 31

Circadian rhythms

Back 31

Control the daily cycle of behavior

Front 32

Rhythm

Back 32

A series of cycles, and length of one cycle is the period of the rhythm

Front 33

Phase

Back 33

Any point in the cycle

Front 34

In phase

Back 34

2 rhythms that completely match

Front 35

Phase advanced or phase delayed

Back 35

Rhythms that are shifted so as to be out of phase

Front 36

Entrainment

Back 36

The process of resetting the circadian rhythm by exposure to environmental cues

Front 37

Nocturnal ailnimals

Back 37

Rely on hearing, olfactory, and tactile information

Front 38

Diurnal animals

Back 38

Tend to be highly visual

Front 39

Day length or photoperiod

Back 39

A reliable indicator of upcoming seasonal changes

Front 40

Circannual rhythms

Back 40

Animals that hibernate use this to let them know about seasonal changes

Front 41

Piloting

Back 41

Orientation by landmarks

Front 42

Homing

Back 42

Returning to a specific location

Front 43

Migration

Back 43

Traveling great distances

Front 44

Five channels of communication

Back 44

Chemical, visual, auditory, tactile, and electric

Front 45

Pheromones

Back 45

Molecules used in chemical communication between individuals

Front 46

Eusocial

Back 46

Spieces (e.g. anys, bees, wasps) whose social groups include sterile individuals

Front 47

Inbreeding

Back 47

The mating of individuals who are genetically related