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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sonography may be used to characterize vaginal mass, such as ____________.
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Gartner's duct
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Definition of Gartner's duct cyst
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the most common cystic lesions of the vaginal canal.
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Definition of Imperforate hymen
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is the most common congenital abnormality of the female genital tract that results in obstruction.
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obstruction of the uterus/or vagina may result in accumulation of :
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1. Hydrometra-fluid 2. Hematometra - blood 3. Pyometra - pus |
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when is the vaginal cuff seen?
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seen in hysterectomy patients after surgery
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what is the upper size limit of the normal vaginal cuff?
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2.1 cm
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when should the cuff be regarded for suspicion?
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if cuff is larger or contains well-define mass or areas of high echogenicity, it should be regarded with suspicion for malignancy, especially in patient who has previous history of cancer.
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nodular areas in vaginal cuff may be due to _________________ .
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postirradation fibrosis
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Nabothian cyst also known as ________________. |
Epithelial inclusion cyst |
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Nabothian cyst are more common in .. |
middle-aged women after pregnancy |
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Nabothian cyst are ..? |
1. benign cysts in the cervix, or chronic inflammatory retention cysts 2. incidental finding, typically asymptomatic |
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Nabothian cyst measuring |
less than 2 cm |
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what is the ultrasound appearance of a Nabothian cyst? |
1. anechoic with enhanced sound transmission in cervix 2. can be multiple |
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Leiomyoma also known as |
myoma tumors |
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where do Leiomyomas occur? |
cervix |
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when myomas are small patient is _____________. |
asymptomatic |
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what happens when myomas (mass) enlarges? |
bladder or bowel obstruction may result |
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myomas may be ? |
pedunculated and prolapse into vaginal canal |
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what may assist in determining the location and thickness of the stalk? |
sonography |
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what other method enhances visualization? |
fluid infusion with sonohysterography |
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cervical carcinoma is also known as
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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____________________ is the most common type of cervical cancer.
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squamous cell carcinoma
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Precursors are cervical dysplasias classified as:
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1. mild 2. moderate 3. severe |
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when full thickness of epithelium composed of undifferentiated neoplastic cells, lesions referred to as ______________.
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carcinoma in situ
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cervical carcinoma affects women of _____________.
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menstrual age
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cervical carcinoma clinical signs and symptoms:
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1. vaginal discharge 2. vaginal bleeding |
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Cervical Carcinoma Sonographic Findings:
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1. retrovesical mass 2. obstruction of ureters 3. invasion of bladder |
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what are two uterine tumors?
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1. Leiomyoma 2. carcinoma |
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what are the causes of endometrial fluid?
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1. Endometritis 2. Retained product of conception 3. pelvic inflammatory disease 4. cervical obstruction |
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what are the causes of an Enlarged uterus?
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1. pregnancy 2. postpartum 3. Leiomyoma 4. Adenomyosis 5. Bicornuate or didelphic uterus |
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Adenomyosis
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abnormal endometrial tissue located in the myometrium.
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what are the causes of a Thickened Endometrium?
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1. Endometrial hyperplasia 2. Polyps 3. Endometrial carcinoma |
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what are the causes of Endometrial Shadowing?
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1. gas 2. intrauterine device 3. calcified myoma or vessels 4. retained products of conception |
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Leiomyoma are also known as:
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1. Leiomyomata 2. fibroid 3. myoma 4. fibromyoma |
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_______________ most common pelvic tumor, women over 30 years of age.
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Leiomyoma
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Leiomyoma are more common in ___________.
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African American women
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what are some other facts about Leiomyoma's?
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1. smooth muscle cell composition 2. Fibrosis occurs after atrophic or degenerative changes. |
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what are the clinical signs and symptoms or Leiomyoma's?
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1. enlarged uterus 2. profuse and prolonged bleeding & pain |
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Leiomyoma's rarely develop in _____________.
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Postmenopausal women
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Leiomyoma's most stabilize or decrease in size following menopause of lack of ________________.
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estrogen stimulation
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rapid increase in myoma size, especially in postmenopausal patient, is suspicious for _____________.
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neoplasm
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Myoma's are ______________ dependent.
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estrogen
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Leiomyoma's may increase in size during _______________.
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pregnancy
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Leiomyoma's range from ___________ in size.
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1mm to 20 cm
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Leiomyoma's signs and symptoms:
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1. Pelvic pain 2. Menorrhagia 3. Asymptomatic 4. Bladder or rectum pressure 5. infertility 6. spontaneous abortion |
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Leiomyoma's may be:
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1. submucosal 2. Intramural 3. subserosal 4. can become pedunculated and appear as extrauterine masses |
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Definition for Submucosal
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(displacingor distorting endometrial cavity with subsequentirregular or heavy menstrual bleeding)
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Definition for Intramural
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(confinedto myometrium; most common type)
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Definition for Subserosal
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(projectingfrom peritoneal surface of uterus)
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Submucosal myomas may erode into endometrial cavity and cause____________ , which may lead to ________.
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1. irregular or heavy bleeding
2. anemia. |
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Degenerative changes of fibroids:
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1. Cystic degeneration
2. Calcific 3. Hyaline degeneration |
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what are the sonographic appearance of fibroids? |
1. uterine enlargement 2. anechoic 3. well-define mass 4. echogenic areas with distal shadowing |
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what is Andenomyosis |
Endometrial glands and stroma grow into the myometrium; more common in posterior aspect.
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Adenomyosis is most common in |
women over 50 years |
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adenomyosis can be definitively diagnosed __________. |
surgically or with MRI |
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US appearance of Adenomyosis ? |
1. enlarged uterus 2. normal or decreased echogenicity 3. bulky enlarged uterus without focal mass |
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is Adenomyosis is a benign or malignant disease? |
Benign |
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Adenomyosis can be _________ OR _______.
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Diffuse or focal
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Focal adenomyosis sometimes called _____________. referring to
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adenomyoma
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Focal adenomyosis referring to ..
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isolated implants that typically cause reactive hypertrophy of surrounding myometrium
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Implants produce ..
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diffuse uterine enlargement
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Estimated 60% of women with adenomyosis experience:
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1. Abnormal uterine bleeding(hypermenorrhea) 2. Prolonged/profuseuterinebleeding (menorrhagia)
3. Irregular, acyclicbleeding (metrorrhea) |
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Approximately 25% ofpatients with adenomyosis also suffer from _______________________________.
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pelvic pain during menstruation (dysmenorrhea).
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Most common presentation ofextensive adenomyosis is:
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1. Diffuse uterine enlargement
2. Thickening of posterior myometrium 4. Myometrial cysts |
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in adenomyosis Hemorrhage in islands of endometrial tissueappears as ____________________.
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small hypoechoic myometrial cysts.
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adenomyosis Hemorrhage Has been described as
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Swiss cheese or honeycomb patternCompatible
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Fluid nature of lesions produces _________________________.
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increased posterior acoustic enhancement
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adenomyosis Calcifications resulting from prior instrumentation are seen ________________________________________.
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along inner myometrium and cervix.
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Uterine Leiomyosarcoma
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1. rare, solid tumor arising from myometrium |
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Uterine Leiomyosarcoma most commonly found in ________________.
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fundus of uterus; rapid growth
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uterine leiomyosarcoma most common in women in what ages?
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40-60 years of age
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Uterine Leiomyosarcoma; Sarcoma botryoides: |
very rare condition in children characterized by grapelike clusters of tumor mass.
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Uterine Findings of Uterine Leiomyosarcoma:
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1. may resemble with myomas or endometrial carcinoma (soild and cystic texture) 2. rapid enlargement of a solid uterine mass in perimenopausal or postmenopausal. |
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Abnormally thick endometrium results from variety conditions in Menopausal women :
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1. endometrial hyperplasia 2. polyps 3. endometrial carcinoma 4. estrogen replacement hormone |
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Definition of Sonohysterography:
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it is used for further evaluation of the endometrium when it exceeds normal thickness or focal areas of thickening and polyps suspected.
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1 artery feeding in Doppler is ___________.
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polyps
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multiple arteries feeding in Doppler is ______________.
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Submucosal
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Definition of Submucosal:
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irregular or heavy bleeding
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Sonohysterography; in premenopausal women, procedure is performed in _________________. |
in mid-cycle, b/w 6-10 days.
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for women with irregular cycles, procedure will be performed __________________.
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soon after cessation of bleeding, if possible.
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Sonohysterography; in Postmenopausal women, procedure can be performed _________________. |
at any time or shortly after monthly bleeding period, if on hormone replacement therapy.
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procedure will not be performed in women with_____________.
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acute pelvic inflammatory disease
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Endometrial hyperplasia definition:
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follows prolonged endogenous or exogenous estrogenic stimulation
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Endometrial hyperplasia may be precursor of ________________.
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endometrial cancer
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what are the sonographic findings of Endometrial hyperplasia?
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abnormal thickening of endometrium
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hyperplasia means?
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pre-cancerous stage
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majority of women with postmenopausal uterine bleeding are experiencing ______________.
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endometrial atrophy
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atrophic endometrium is _________.
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thin, measuring <5mm
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if postmenopausal patient has irregular bleeding and thickened endometrium, may warrant for _______________.
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sonohysterography and/or endometrial biopsy
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what hormone increases risk of endometrial hyperplasia/cancer?
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estrogen
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what hormone reduces the risk of endometrial hyperplasia/cancer?
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Progesterone
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patients with endometrial polyps may be:
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1. asymptomatic 2. present with uterine bleeding |
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what are polyps?
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polyps are overgrowths of endometrial tissue covered by epithelium
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Polyps may be:
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pedunculated, broad-based, or have think stalk
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polyps may cause :
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diffuse or focal endometrium
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polyps are in common in:
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pre and postmenopausal women.
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what may assist in identifying polyps?
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sonohysterography
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sonographic finding of polyps:
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appears toward end of Luteal Phase as a round echogenic mass within endometrial cavity.
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____________is the most common gynecology malignancy in north America.
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Endometrial carcinoma
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Endometrial carcinoma is common in ___________________.
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postmenopausal women (50-65 years)
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what is the most common clinical presentation in Endometrial carcinoma?
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uterine bleeding
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measurement of a thickened endometrium that is considered to be cancer is ______________.
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>4 mm to 5mm
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endometrial carcinoma may obstruct endometrial canal, resulting in:
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hydrometra and hematometra
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what is Subendometrial halo?
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inner layer of myometrium
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inactness of subendometrial halo usually indicated what?
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superficial invasion
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what are two types of endometrial thickening caused by tamoxifin ?
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1. thickening endometrium with a cystic like structure 2. thickening polyps like structure |
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Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices complications:
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1. complications 2. infection 3. IUD expulsive 4. pregnancy 5. ectopic pregnancy |
