Chapter 40 41 Campbell Reece

Front 1

Tissues

Back 1

groups of cells with common structure and function

Front 2

Epithelial tissue

Back 2

1. covers external surfaces, internal cavities, tubes, and organs
2. One surface of the tissue is free and the other adheres to a basement membrane.

Front 3

Basement membrane

Back 3

dense mat of extracellular matrix (ECM)

Front 4

Protection

Back 4

Animal skin formed of epithelial tissue
Ciliated epithelium along the respiratory tract sweep impurities toward throat

Front 5

Absorption

Back 5

Gut is lined with epithelial tissue and it functions to absorb nutrients from food
Lungs are also lined with epithelial tissue and it functions to absorb oxygen

Front 6

Secretion

Back 6

Glandular epithelium secretes chemicals, mucus, saliva, wax, milk

Front 7

Simple epithelium

Back 7

is one cell thick.
Respiratory surfaces such as the lining of the lungs or the skin of a frog are only one cell thick so that gasses can pass through quickly

Front 8

Stratified epithelium .

Back 8

has more than one layer
Human skin contains layers of cells

Front 9

Pseudostratified epithelium

Back 9

appears to be layered but each cell touches the same basement membrane.

Front 10

Shapes of Epithelial Cells

Back 10

Flat (squamous)
Cube-shaped (cuboidal)
Elongated (columnar)

Front 11

Connective tissue

Back 11

Binds and supports body parts
Protects
Fills spaces
Stores fat (for energy)
Transports materials

Front 12

Connective tissue

Back 12

sparse population of cells separated by a non-living material (extra-cellular matrix)

Front 13

Collagen fibers

Back 13

provide strength and flexibility
the most abundant protein in animal bodies

Front 14

Elastic fibers

Back 14

provide elasticity
When stretched, they return to their original shape.

Front 15

Reticular fibers

Back 15

small and branched
They provide a support framework for organs such as the liver and lymph nodes.

Front 16

Loose Connective Tissue

Back 16

found in the skin and in most internal organs of vertebrates; allows organs to expand

Front 17

Adipose Tissue

Back 17

type of loose connective tissue; has reduced matrix material and contains enlarged fibroblasts (cells) that store fat.

Front 18

Dense Connective Tissue

Back 18

collagen fibers are more tightly packed than in loose connective tissue; found in ligaments and tendons

Front 19

Cartilage

Back 19

found at ends of bones; reduces friction

Front 20

Blood

Back 20

cells surrounded by non-living plasma

Front 21

Bone

Back 21

rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. Bones function to move, support, and protect the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.

Front 22

Fibroblasts

Back 22

cells in loose and dense connective tissue; produce fibers and non-living material

Front 23

Macrophages

Back 23

cells specialized for phagocytizing foreign materials, bacteria, and cleaning up debris

Front 24

Muscle Tissue

Back 24

most abundant tissue type in animals; contracts in response to stimulation. It cannot lengthen by itself but is lengthened by the contraction of other muscles

Front 25

Types of muscle tissue

Back 25

1. Skeletal muscle – very long cells
2. Cardiac muscle – found in the heart
3. Smooth muscle – involuntary muscle. Surrounds gut and moves food through digestive tract.

Front 26

Nervous Tissue

Back 26

responds to stimuli and transmits impulses from one body part to another

Front 27

Endoderms

Back 27

use metabolic heat to regulate body temperature
Allows sustained activity
Can maintain stable body temperature on land
Energetically expensive

Front 28

Ecotherms

Back 28

gain most of their heat from the environment

Front 29

Suspension feeders

Back 29

sift small food particles from water

Front 30

Substrate feeders

Back 30

animals that live in or on their food source

Front 31

substrate feeders

Back 31

animals that live in or on their food source

Front 32

Fluid feeders

Back 32

suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host

Front 33

Bulk feeders

Back 33

eat large pieces of food

Front 34

Homeostasis

Back 34

Animals (should) eat so that:
Energy consumed = Energy expended

Front 35

Digestion

Back 35

the chemical breakdown of large food molecules into smaller molecules that can be used by cells
Digestion is accomplished by enzymes

Front 36

Breakdown of polysaccharides

Back 36

to Maltose
1. Salivary Amylase
2. Pancreatic Amylase

Front 37

Breakdown of Maltose

Back 37

to Glucose
maltase -intestinal cells

Front 38

Breakdown of protein

Back 38

to peptides
pepsin - stomach
trypsin - pancreas

Front 39

Breakdown of peptides

Back 39

to amino acids
peptidases -intestinal cells

Front 40

Breakdown of fat

Back 40

to glycerol + fatty acids
lipase - pancreas

Front 41

organs - digestive system

Back 41

mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, oral cavity, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, stomach, small intestinge, large intestine, rectum, anus

Front 42

Teeth

Back 42

chew food into smaller pieces so that chemical digestion can occur faster

Front 43

Saliva

Back 43

1. contains amlyase – an enzyme to break down starch
Saliva
2. contains mucous/mucins – lubricate and hold chewed up food together

Front 44

Tongue

Back 44

pushes food back to be swallowed

Front 45

Esophagus

Back 45

leads to stomach

Front 46

Trachea

Back 46

leads to lungs

Front 47

Epiglottis

Back 47

prevents food form entering trachea when swallowing

Front 48

Peristalsis

Back 48

rhythmic contractions that move food in the gut. Peristalsis in the esophagus moves food from the mouth to the stomach

Front 49

Stomach

Back 49

stores up to 2L of food
Contains gastric juice

Front 50

Pepsin

Back 50

digests proteins

Front 51

HCl

Back 51

aids pepsin, keeps stomach at pH 2

Front 52

Mucous

Back 52

protects stomach lining

Front 53

chyme

Back 53

a mixture produced by muscular walls of the stomach contracting to mix food with gastric juice

Front 54

Duodenem

Back 54

first part of small intestine

Front 55

sphincter

Back 55

a circular muscle
Chyme enters from stomach

Front 56

Pancreas

Back 56

Produces pancreatic juice

Front 57

Sodium bicarbonate

Back 57

neutralizes the acidic material from the stomach.

Front 58

Pancreatic amylase

Back 58

digests starch to maltose

Front 59

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin

Back 59

digest proteins to peptides

Front 60

Lipase

Back 60

digests fats to glycerol and fatty acids

Front 61

Gastric duct

Back 61

Gastric juice enters the small intestine through

Front 62

Liver functions

Back 62

Produces Bile
Detoxifies blood
Stores glucose (as glycogen)
Produces blood proteins
Destroys old red blood cells
Converts ammonia to urea

Front 63

Bile

Back 63

Stored in gallbladder and sent to duodenem through a tract
Emulsifies fats

Front 64

Small Intestine

Back 64

important for absorption
3m long

Front 65

villi

Back 65

projections to increase surface area
Individual villus cells have microvilli

Front 66

Peptidase

Back 66

completes digestion of peptides

Front 67

Maltase

Back 67

completes digestion of disaccharides

Front 68

Large Intestine (colon)

Back 68

important for reabsorption
Receives 10L of water a day, reabsorbs 95%
Absorbs sodium

Front 69

Rectum

Back 69

last 20cm of colon

Front 70

Feces

Back 70

25% solid, 75% water
1/3 of solids is intestinal bacteria, 2/3 is undigested materials

Front 71

Gastrin

Back 71

secreted by endocrine cells in stomach
Stimulates stomach to produce gastric juice

Front 72

Secretin

Back 72

produced by cells of duodenem
Production stimulated by acid chyme from stomach
Stimulates pancreas to produce sodium bicarbonate and liver to secrete bile

Front 73

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Back 73

produced by duodenal cells
Stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to produce pancreatic enzymes

Front 74

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

Back 74

produced by duodenal cells
Opposes effects of gastrin