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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is homeostasis
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A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body.
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What are tissues
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Groups of cells with similar structure and function.
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4 types of tissues
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Epithelial,
muscle, nerve connective |
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What is epithelial tissue?
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It is a covering or lining or border a.k.a. interface.
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What are the 3 types of epithelial tissue?
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Cutaneous, mucous, serous
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What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
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closely packed cells (tight junctions, desmesomes), polar layers-apical and basal, and avascular (using diffusement for nutrients) and regenerative.
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From top to bottom name the layers of of epithelial tissue
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apical layer, basal layer (filter), basement layer consisting of basal lamina, and reticular lamina.
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How are epithelial cells nourished?
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By substances diffusing from blood vessels from underlying connective tissue.
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True or False
Epithelium has a high regeneration capacity? |
True. We lose 50,000,000 epithelia cells a day.
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What is the thin, noncellular, adhesive supporting sheet that is deep to basal layer called?
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Basal lamina
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What defines the epithelial boundary, is part of the basement membrane, contains collagen fibers, works with another sheet for epithelial support?
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Reticular lamina
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What is the basement membrane and function?
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Composed of the reticular lamina and basal lamina. Basal lamina acts as a selective filter for epithelial tissue and reticular reinforces epithelial sheet.
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2 areas of the body with simple squamous epithelial tissue that have a name change due to their location.
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cardiovascular system: endothelium
ventral body cavity and organs: mesothelium |
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What is brush border and its function?
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microvilli: absorption for testes
cilia: for movement in the trachea |
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What are the functions of epithelium?
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Protection, absorption, excretion, filtration
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What is a the simple epithelial layer good for? What about stratified?
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Simple is good for filtration, absorption, ad excretion.
Stratified is good for protection. |
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What are the 3 shapes of cells found in epithelial tissue.
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squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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what is pseudostratified and where is it found?
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pseudostratified: looks like many layers of cells, but isn't. Can be found in the trachea
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Common places for simple squamous epithelium and its function
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Kidney glomeruli,sacs in lungs, lining heart, bld vessels,& lymphvessels,& vent. body cavity. Protection not important, but secret/lubrication
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Common places for simple cuboidal epithelium and its function
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Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of sm.glands; ovary surface. Function is secretion and absorption.
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Common places for simple columnar epithelium and function
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Non-ciliated in digestive tract-stomach to anal canal, gallbladder Ciliated in sm. bronchi,uterine tubes & uterus. Function: absorb/excret
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Common places for pseudostratified columnar epithelium & function
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Non-ciliated in male's sperm ducts, and lg. glands, ciliated-lines trachea and upper resp. Function: secretion mucous, propulsion of mucous by cilia
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Common places for stratified squamous epithelium and function
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Non-keratin:moist linings of esoph.,mouth,vagina, kid. Keratin:epidermis (dead cells)of skin,a dry membr .Protect from abrasion
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Common places for transitional epithelium and function:
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Lines ureters, bladder, adn a part of the urethra, stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine.
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What are goblet cells?
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They are unicellular (ductless) excocrine glands that produce mucous (mucin and H2O) often found in the intestines.
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A different kind/structure of epithelium is.?
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Glandular: Exocrine and Endocrine.
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What are endocrine glands?
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Endocrine glands: are (ductless)secrete directly in blood. ovaries, pancreas & testes.
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What are exocrine glands? What are their types
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Glands that secrete products to the surfacing epithelium. They are multicellular and have ducts. Or they are goblet unicelluar with no ducts.
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Chapter 4: Integument and Tissues
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Chapter 4: Integument and Tissues
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What is the name of the unicellular exocrine gland? and what is their function?
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The Goblet Cell. Produces mucous (from mucin dissolved in H20) a complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted.
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What are the multicellular exocrine glands? And what is their structure?
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There are several: intestinal,stomach, sebaceous, duodenal, mammary, & salivary. They have 2 basic parts: a duct and secretory unit(acinus).
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What are the modes of secretion for multicellular exocrine glands?
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1) Merocrine glands secrete by exocytosis. 2) Holocrine glands (ie sebaceous), accumulate products until they rupture through cytolysis.
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In embryology the cycle is...
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sperm & egg become zygote, cleavage and become a cluster called morula,and finally a gastrula
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At what stage of embryology is a cell considered totopotent? What does this mean
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The morula stage is when the cell is considered totopotent which means it has total ability to turn into another individual.
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At what stage of embryology is a cell considered plurapotent? What does this mean
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In the gastrula stage a cell is plura potent which means it only has the ability to become some things.
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What structure can be derived from all three layers of the gastrula. What are the 3 layers of the gastrula.
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Epidermis can be come from all 3 layers. Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
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What can each of the 3 layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm make beyond their common epidermis.
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ectoderm:nervous tissue (& epiderm)
mesoderm: c.t., muscle (& epiderm) endoderm: mucousal tissue, gut (epid) |
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What biological term is used when the morula turns into varying layered gastrula.
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Differentiation
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What is histology?
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The study of tissues.
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True or False. Homeostasis is a simple natural occurance in the body?
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Maintaining homeostasis in the body more complicated than first glance.Heart activity& blood pressure must be constantly monitored
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From the phrase "wisdom of the body"
came the coined term: |
Homeostasis means unchanging, really means a dynamic state of equilibrium or balance which internal conditions vary, with narrow limits.
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What is negative feedback?
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When the output shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity, causing the the variable to change to opposite direction of the initial change
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What is positive feedback?
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Response enhances the original stimulus so activity is accelerated. Positive because change proceeds in the same direction as initial disturb.
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What is homeostatic imbalance?
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Disease can be regarded as a result of disturbance of homeostasis or Homeostatic Imbalance.
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What is a sagittal plane? How is it spelled? Midsagittal? Parasagittal planes?
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It is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. Midsagittal is division down the middle of body, para are offset from midline.
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A frontal plane can also be called a
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coronal plane
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A transverse section can also be called a
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Horizontal plane or a cross section.
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What is in the dorsal cavity?
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The cranial and vertebral or spinal cavities.
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What is in the mediastinum?
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The pericardial cavity.
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What cavities are in the thoracic cavity?
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The lateral pleura cavities each with a lung, and the medial mediastinum containing the pericardial cavity.
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What structure separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
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The diaphragm
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What organs lie in the abdominal cavity?
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stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and other organs
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What organs are in the pelvic cavity?
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bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
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The slit-like cavity between these two membranes that line cavity walls and organs is filled with?
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Serous fluid.
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Pleurisy and peritonitis are inflammations caused by...
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Inflamed serous membranes
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Name the 4 types of tissues, and name the 4 types of connective tissues.
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Epithelial, muscle, nerve, connective
C.t. proper, blood, bone, cartilage |
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Blast is considered immature or mature state, while Cyte is considered immature or mature state?
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Blast is undifferentiated, sprout, immature; Cyte less active, the mature adult mode.injured can revert back to active mitotic state
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Mature connective tissues arise from the common embryonic tissue, called.
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Mesenchyme.
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What type of cells arise during early weeks of embryonic development eventually differentiating into all other connective tissue cells?
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Mesenchymal cells
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What are the primary blast cell types found in the connective tissue class.
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CT proper-fibroblast, cartilage-chondroblast, bone-osteoblast, blood-hematopoietic stem cell
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Where are fibers found? What is their function? Name the fibers and their distinctions
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CT matrix as support. Collagen: tough prot.glistenwhite;Elastic: long, thin, branching,elastin, yellow, skin lungs stretch;Reticular,short fine, netwrk
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From deep to superficial, what are the 5 layers of histology of the epidermis
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Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum |
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Where do you find the stratum lucidum?
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In the thick skin of the palmar and plantar.
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Stratum Basale: A.K.A.
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Stratum Germinativum (because it is the regenerative germinating layer)
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3 main cell components of the stratum basale?
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Composed of melanocytes (produce melanin), Keratinocytes, (produce keratin), Merkel Cells (touch receptors),
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Main distinguishing characteristics of the stratum basale?
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Deepst layer;1 cell layer,mitotic, constant new cells of epid. growth young, germinating keratinocytes, deep to it is c.t. papillary (areolar)
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What are the defining characteristics of the prickly Stratum Spinosum?
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several layers, change struct. as they move from cuboidal up to squamous-from keratohyaline to keratin.tight junct &desmesomes,
Intermediate filaments |
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What are the keratinocytes structure and evolution in the stratum spinosum?
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Keratinocytes start cuboidal w. lamellated & keratohyaline granules inside, attach to web prekeratin interm. filaments/desm. Flatten moving up.
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What are the dramatic changes of keratinocytes structure in the stratum granulosum?
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Become squamous, lamellated granules go outside, glycolipids-hydrophobic, unpenetrable covering,away from vascularity, toughen up, become keratin, & die
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What are all the cells present in the Stratum spinosum?
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Keratinocytes, Langerhan's (macrophages, phagocytes), and Melanin
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Stratum Lucidum or Lucidium is?
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Thin, translucent band that lies between stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum, found only in thick skin of palmar and plantar; a dead, clear layer
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What is the Stratum Corneum?
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It is the most superficial layer of the epidermis, 3/4 of the epi, protects with deratin raincoat, nonvascular, called keratin or corneocytes.
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We shed 50,000,000 or 40lbs a year of ...?
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Corneocytes or dead epidermis or keratin cells. Dust is us.
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What are the typical cells present in the dermis (or any connective tissue)?
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Fibroblasts, macrophages, Occasional mast cells, and white blood cells.
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Characteristics of dermis
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2nd major skin region, highly vascular, 2 layr: papillary, & reticular; rich w/ blood, nerve, & lymph,& major portions of follicles/glands
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Describe Papillary layer:
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Thin, superf. w/ peg-like projections of dermal papillae that house Meissner's (touch) corpuscles, areolar:collagen & elastin woven w/ blood. vessels
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Describe Reticular Layer of the dermis
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Deep to the papillary, 80% of dermis, is dense irregular (web-like), thick layer of ecm interlaced collagen fibers giving skin resilience.
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Describe ascending layers of dermis and hypodermis
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1) Deepest-fascia-dense regular (muscle),2) Adipose tissue aka hypodermis-fat 3) Reticular 4) Papillary, 5) Epiderm-strat.basale
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Typical structures found in the dermis:
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Bld & lymph vess.,nerves, Meissner's-Pacinian corp.,sebaceou & eccrine gland areolar, arrector pili muscle (vestigial organ) & hair follicles
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Where do hair follicles reside and what is attached to them?
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Reside in Dermis because of blood supply, and arrector pili muscle is attached to them to make hair follicle stand up during cold or fear.
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What are dermal ridges and where are they found?
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They are found in plantar & palmar "peaks-valleys" come under dermal papillae,cause pushed up epidermal ridges (fingerprints) help friction/grip
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What are tension lines?
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Bands of reg. connect. tissue running in specific direction, head and limbs-longitude, neck & torso transverse, import. in surg/scar/healing.
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What are flexure lines?
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Dermal folds occur @ or near joints where skin is tightly attached to underneath structurs, skin never moves,ie.-dp.creases, palm, wrists,
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Describe stretch marks
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Occur due to tearing of dermis due to pregnancy or weight gain. Torn tissue is healed by deposit of collagen, shiny white after skin returns to origin.shape
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What is a blister?
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When skin is irritated (friction) it causes epidermis to separate from dermis, forms pocket, fills with water or blood.
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Describe the Hypodermis
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Aka superficial fasica, subcut. tiss 3rd layer of skin, deepest layer, anchors skin to muscle,shock absorb, spongy, adipose & areolar ct, maint body temp
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What causes skin color?
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3 pigments: melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
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What is melanin?
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Produced by melanocytes in stratum basale, pigments include: black, brwn, yellow, red. Skin color reflects melanin present, more is darker skin decided genetically
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Why do some people have different skin color?
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They have an excess of melanin genetically evolved because of living in areas closer to the sun. Melanin protects from Dna damage of the sun.
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Explain what is happening during DNA damage.
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Thymine dimer forms between 2 nucleic thymines in double helix. Dymer can prevent dna rep. or photolase clips out dymer & repair dna
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What is photolase?
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Dna repair enzyme clips out thymine dymers that inhibit dna rep. More repair needed=more photolase prod. Melan. release depends on dna repr. required.
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What is carotene?
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2nd pigment type, yellow orange, found in carrots,Asians have higher levels, builds up in stratum corneum, and hypodermis, heels...
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Describe hemoglobin
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In red bld cells circulating in dermal capill, combines w/O2 & skin appears pink-healthy.Obvious in fair people w/low melanin-skin is transparent.
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What is hypoxia?
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Not enough O2 in the blood, you will get blue look, blue lips and fingernails.
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What are the characteristics of Connective Tissue?
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Vascularity is varied, has the ECM of ground substance and fibers, and cells.
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Describe the ground substance
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1:Interstitial fluid-sticky,around cells, 2:cell adhesion prot.-c.t. glue for adherance,3:proteoglycans-viscous mucopolysaccharides w/hyaluronic
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What is the purpose for Ground Substance?
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It functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients and other dissolved substances diffuse between the blood capillaries and cells.
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Connective Tissue Proper has 2 subclasses.
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Loose and Dense: Loose c.t. proper consists of areolar, adipose, and reticular. Dense c.t. consists of dense reg., dense irreg., and elastic.
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What is areolar tissue function?
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Loose c.t.proper, wide spread in body, sup/bind tiss. (fibers), holds body fluids(ground sub) defend a/infection (wbc/macphage), stores nutr.(adipose)
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What are the components of Areolar connective tissue?
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collagen, elastic, reticular fibers; vasaodialator macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells(secrete histamine causing capillaries to swell and leak
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What are the common characteristics of connective tissue?
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1)All originated from mesenchyme, 2)wide range of vascularity (cart. to bone, adipose to tendons), 3)ECM consists noncellular ground sub.
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What are the functions of connective tissue?
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This most abundant tissue gives support, protection, binding, transportation and insulation.
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What is the extracellular matrix?
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It is GROUND SUB.: interstitial fluid, cell adhesion prot., proteoglycans; & FIBERS: collagen, elastic, reticular. Non-living & in spaces between cells
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What are the 2 types of connective tissue proper?
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Loose (areolar, adipose, reiticular) and Dense (reg.: unidirectional collagen and elastic-tendons and limgaments; & irregular: multidirectional-joints
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What are apeneuroses?
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dense regular special tendons found in the back
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What is areolar tissue?
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Loose c.t body packing, most seen w/3 fibers:collagen,elastic,& retic.& cells: mast(vaso), plasma, fat; also macropages, and in some-laminaprop.
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What is adipose connetive tissue?
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accumulates in subcut. tissue, found in breast, closely packed adipocyte cells, sparse matrix, highly vascularized, energy source
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What is reticular c.t.?
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Condo. for cells, found in lymph, surveillance site structured w/ret.fibers (from reticularcytes) that hold macrophages, mast cells, & WBC
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What is dense regular c.t.?
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Often called fibrous c.t., a collection of collagen fibers running in same unidirectional pull like tendons (bone to muscle) & ligaments (bone to b.) fibro.
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What is dense irregular c.t.
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It is also fibrous c.t., but multidirectional pull found in joint capsules and skin, bone to bone, or bone to muscle
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Characteristics of cartilage and the 3 types.
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Lacunae cavities w/chondrocytes inside, 80%water, cushion, flexible, costal ribs, nose; avascular, aneural; hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
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What is elastic c.t.?
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Unidirectional like dense reg. collagen, but elastic has more recoil, found in spine. d
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What are the distinctions of hyaline cartilage?
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Most abundant in body, found in nose and ribs, its matrix is amorphous, gristle, collagen fibers are not apparent, glassy, firm, but pliable
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What are the distinctions of elastic cartilage c.t.?
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Very similar to hyaline, but more elastin fibers,
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What are the distinctions of fibrocartilage c.t.?
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Its an intermediate between hyaline and dense reg. tissues. Rows of chondrocytes in lacunae mixed with rows of thick collagen.
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What's the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
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Tendons R cords, attach muscle to bone or in flat aponeuroses, mus.to mus. or mus.to bone. Ligaments stetch more, more elastic, bone t bone
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What is osseous c.t. tissue?
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Osteoblast-osteocyte-osseous; circ. bullseye is the osteon;collagen fibers,contains calcium salts for strength; bld.vessel in canal, high vas
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What is blood c.t.?
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Atypical c.t.;Not connecting, but gives mech. support; hematopoietic stem cell to blood cells surrounded by bld plasma,fibers seen blood clotting only
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Describe Nervous Tissue
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A 3rd type of tissue, a neuron has a cell body with branching neuron processes that transmit electrical signals
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Describe muscle tissue
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A 4th tissue;Skeletal-striated ,volun; Cardiovascular-branching, spread out, intercalateddscs, invol; Smooth, no striations,close cell,hollow org.involun.
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