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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Technology?
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The application of Science.
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What are Patents?
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Liscenses to make, use, or sell an invention.
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What is Productivity?
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The amount of goods the services created in a given period of time.
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Who is Professor C.F. Dowd?
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A man who created the Time Zones.
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What is the Transcontinental Railroad?
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A railway extending from coast to coast.
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What was the Pacific Railroad Act?
(1862) |
It gave land grants to construct the Transcontinental Railroad.
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What is the Central Pacific?
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It began laying track eastern out of Sacramento.
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What is the Union Pacific?
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It began work towards the west in Omaha.
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Who was Jack Casement?
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A contractor for an Ohio railroad, part of the Union Pacific. Mainly hired Irish Workers.
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Who was Charlie Crocker?
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President of a construction firm, part of the Central Pacific. Mainly hired Chinese Workers.
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What does the term "Crocker's Pets" entail?
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Charlie Crocker's chinese workers.
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What is significant about the location of Promontory Point, Utah?
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It is where Leland Stanford drove the final golden spike of the Transcontinental Railroad.
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Who was George Westinghouse?
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He developed more effective air brakes.
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What was the Credit Mobilier Scandal?
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It limited the liability of stockholders. They were asking for more money than they needed, and ultimately made a profit.
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Define "telegraph."
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Sending messages over wires.
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Who was Samuel F.B. Morse?
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He created Morse Code and took out a patent on telegraphy.
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What was the Western Union Company?
(1870) |
The first telegraph company.
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Define "telephone."
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"Talking telegraph."
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Who was Alexander Graham Bell?
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A man who took out the patent on the telephone.
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Who was Thomas Alva Edison?
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The inventor of electricity.
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Who was the "Wizard of Menlo Park?"
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It was Edison's nickname from inventing the phonograph.
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Who was Michael Faraday?
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He contributed significantly to electromagnetism and electrochemistry.
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What was the incandescent light bulb?
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The first lightbulb. (Created by Edison.)
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Who was George Westinghouse and what did he do with his alternating current?
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Made home-use of electricity practical.
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Who was Henry Bessemer?
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Developed a new process for making steel, called the Bessemer Process.
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What did the Bessemer Converter do?
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Made it much easier and cheaper to remove the impurities.
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What was the Open-Hearth process?
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A steelmaking technique.
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What was Dovorak's New World Symphony?
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A training program for orchestral musicians.
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Who was Joe Magarac?
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A folk hero who worked like he was made of steel.
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What was the Mesabi Range?
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A vast deposit of iron ore in Northern Minnesota.
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What was the Soo Canal?
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A canal at Sault St. Marie.
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What is a "Captain of Industry?"
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Someone who served their nation in a positive way.
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What is a "Robber Baron?"
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Business leaders who built their fortunes by stealing from the public.
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Who was Andrew Carnegie?
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Made Carnegie steel.
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What was the Carnegie Steel Corporation?
(1889) |
It launched the steel industry in Pittsburgh.
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What was the "Gospel of Wealth?"
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Andrew Carnegie's essay.
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What is Social Darwinism?
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Society should do as little as possible to interfere with peoples pursuit of success.
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What does the term "Corporate America" entail?
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Informal phrase describing the business world of the United States.
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What is a monopoly?
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Complete control of a product or service.
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What is a cartel?
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A loose association of business that makes the same product.
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Who was Edwin Drake?
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A man who proved oil could be extracted from the ground by a well.
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Who was John D. Rockefeller?
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He formed Standard Oil Company of Ohio.
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What is a trust?
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A single unit managed by a board of trustees.
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What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
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It outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce.
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What is Horizontal Consolidation?
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Bringing together many forms in the same business.
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What is Vertical Consolidation?
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Gaining control of many different businesses that make up all phases of a products developement.
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What does the term "economies of scale" mean?
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As production increases, the cost of each item produced is often lower.
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What is a Holding Company?
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A company that owns enough voting stock to take control.
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What is a merger?
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Corporate finance strategy and management.
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What does "Interlocking Directorate" mean?
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One or more members of a board of directors are membors of another.
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What is the business cycle?
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The sinking and rising of the economy, "boom & bust"
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What was the Contract Labor Act?
(1864) |
It allowed employers to enter into contracts with immigrants.
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What is piecework?
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Those who worked fast and produced the most peices earned the most money.
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Who was Frederick Winslow Taylor?
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An American engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency.
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What is the division of labor?
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Factory workers performed one small task over and over.
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What was a sweatshop?
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Employers work long hours at low wages in poor conditions.
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What was a company town?
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Residents are dependant on a single firm for maintenance.
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Who was Jacob Riis?
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Wrote the book "How the Other Half Lives," and led positive changes for New York tenement dwellers. He was highly against child labor.
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What is socialism?
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An economic and political philosophy. It favors public (social) control of property and income, not private control.
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What was the Communist Manifesto?
(1848) |
By Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
It denounced the capitalist economic system and predicted workers would overrun it. |
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Who was Karl Marx?
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A German philosopher with radical views of socialism.
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What was the Federal Society of Journeymean Cordwainers?
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Shoemakers, founded in Philadelphia. It was the strongest of the early unions.
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What was the Mechanic's Union of Trade Societies?
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A city-wide form of Trade Union.
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What was the National Trades Union?
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The first national labor organization.
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What was the National Labor Union?
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It nominated a candidate for president, yet failed to survive the depression.
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Who was William Sylvis?
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He convened the National Labor Union together.
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What was the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor?
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It hoped to organize all working men and women, skilled or unskilled.
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Who was Uriah Stevens?
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He got the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor together.
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Who was Terrence Powderly?
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A former mechanist, the leader of the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor.
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What is arbitration?
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A process by which parties to a dispute submit differences to judgement of an impartial person or group appointed by mutual consent or statutory provision.
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What was the American Federation of Labor?
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Only skilled workers in a network of smaller unions, each devoted to a specific craft.
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Who was Samuel Gompers?
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A London-born cigar maker, the leader of the American Federation of Labor.
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What were Craft Unions?
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Small unions devoted to a single craft.
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What is collective bargaining?
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A process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers.
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What was a closed shop?
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A workplace in which only Union members would be hired.
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What was the Industrial Workers of the World?
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Unskilled workers, included many socialists in leadership.
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What were Wobblies?
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A nickname for the Industrial Workers of the World.
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Who was William "Big Bill" Haywood?
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The founder of the Industrial Workers of the World.
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What was the Great Railway Strike of 1877.
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Baltimore & Ohio Railroad announced a wage cut of 10% in midst of a depression.
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What was the Haymarket Affair?
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Groups of workers who mounted a national demonstration for an 8 hour workday.
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What is a scab?
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A negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers.
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What is an anarchist?
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A radical who violently opposes all government.
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What is a radical?
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One who advocates fundamentally or revolutionary changes in current practices.
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What was the Homestead Strike?
(1892) |
A strike in Pennsylvania against Carnegie steel.
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Who was Henry Frick?
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He tried to cut workers' wages at Carnegie Steel.
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What was the Pullman Strike?
(1894) |
A railway workers' strike that spread nation-wide.
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Who was George Pullman?
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He laid off workers and cut wages 25%.
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What was the American Railway Union?
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The first industrial union of the United States.
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Who was Eugene V. Debs?
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A five-time socialist candidate for presidency, ran out of prison.
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What is Industrial Unionism?
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A labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are in the same Union.
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What is Bread & Butter Unionism?
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Abandons any other concerns with broader social or political issues, and focusses on immediate demands and interests of its members.
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What are Pinkertons?
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Hired by Railroads to patrol their trains and set up security systems.
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Who was Mother Jones?
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A Union Organizer and Orator.
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