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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
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wrote Law of War and Peace, which was about a new treatise on international law. He was one of the classic Dutch poets/dramatist
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Hugo Grotius
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He was from a family of Portuguese Jews, who turned out works of philosophy, examining the nature of reality, of human conduct, and of church and state. He made his living by grinding lenses.
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Baruch Spinoza
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Great Dutch painter who showed the mystery of human consciousness itself. He painted the Masters of the Cloth Guild, which is of a group of men who seem to jump off the canvas, and was a picture of those who conducted affairs in Holland.
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Rembrandt
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He was one of the great Dutch painters during his time period. He threw a spell of magic and quiet dignity ocer men, and especially women, of the burgher class, many of whom he portrayed in typical domestic scenes. Also painted Geographer, which is very complex and draws people in.
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Vermeer
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Painter who produced bluff portraits of the common people. He was one of the superb Dutch painters during his time.
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Hals
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Found the first case of microscopic life by looking through a microscope. He became one of the founders of modern biological science.
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Leeuwenhoek
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Founded by the Dutch, they accepted deposits of all different currencies and countries, assessed the gold and silver content, and allowed depositors to withdraw equivilent values in gold florins minted by the bank. It remained the financial center of Europe until the French Revolution.
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Bank of Amsterdam
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One of the feudal noblemen of the country. He was a stadholder and started wars for independence.
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William the Silent
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The Dutch government was known as this, it was the most wealthy, flourishing, and most important in international diplomacy and culture. They accepted toleration in religion.
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United Providence
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Usually the head of this family was elected as the stadholder, in which they enjoyed exceptional prestige in the republic.
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House of Orange
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Inherited the crown from his mother, Queen Elizabeth, and became king of England because was a descendant of Henry VII. Was a philosopher of royal absolutism, and wrote The True Law of Free Monarchy. He meant a monarchy free from control by Parliament, churchmen, or laws and customs of the past. The king was the ultimate ruler, and even drew authority from God and were responsible to God alone. He disagreed with Parliament often, and always asked for more money.
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James I
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Son of James I, he attempted to rule without a Parliament, but this angered many people. This included the ship-money incident, where he tried to get all people to pay taxes to build ships. However the inner part of the country would not do so. The Scots were the first to rebel, and this is where Charles tried to bring back the Paliament for money. This didnt work and eventually he lost power.
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Charles I
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A Protestant, who came to be known through the New Model Army. Was the leader and organizer of the new regiment called the Ironsides, in which Protestant exaltation was key. He became the most powerful political and military leader of the parliamentary forces. He moved against Parliament in Pride's Purge to make the Rump Parliament, and England became a republic with Cromwell as the leader.
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Oliver Cromwell
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The group from 1640-1660, because they sat for 20 yrs without new elections. Their leaders were small or moderately landowning gentry. They went against the king and supported the Scotish side of the rebellion, and they had demands such as chief royal advisors be impeached, abolish the Star Chamber and High Commission, revolutionize the Church of England, and eventually went to war with the king. They defeated him and adopted the Solemn League and Covenant.
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Long Parliament
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This was the Parliament that was left after many left because of the revolution, and others were forced out by Cromwell. This left about 50-60 members, and this was known as Pride's Purge. They comdemned King Charles for treason and sent him to his death.
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Rump Parliament
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The parliamentary forces, were called this because of their close haircuts favored by Puritans. They gained many major military victories.
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Roundheads
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This new efficient army was composed of Roundheads, and was lead by Thomas Fairfax. They had many major military victories. This army became the center of advanced democratic ideas, and they favorred a free toleration for all godly forms of religion, with no superior church organization above local groups.
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New Model Army
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England became a republic when king charles was killed, and it was called this. Religious toleration was decreed except for Unitarians and athiests, and except for Roman Catholics and the Church of England.
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Commonwealth
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This group proceeded to occupy and cultivate common lands, or lands privately owned, in a general repudation of property.
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Diggers
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This was a new party formed which were also known as radical political democrats. They were numerous in the Protestant army, and chief spokesman was John Lilburne. They asked for universal manhood suffrage, equality of representation, a written constitution, and subordination of Parliament to a reformed body of voters.
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Levellers
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This group known also as the Society of Friends, was founded by George Fox. They caused much consternation by insisting that all believers could have new revelations of spiritual truth, by rejecting various social and religious hierarchies, and by allowing women to preach.
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Quakers
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Cromwell attempted to govern as this after he got rid of the Rump. He tried to use representative bodies devised by himself and his followers, under a written constitution.
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Lord Protector
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Charles II, son of Charles I, became king of England and Scotland, and royalty was restored. This was two years after Charles I had died, and Charles II was unable to maintain the protectorate.
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Restoration
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The king of England who was personally inclined to Catholicism. He admired Louis XIV, and agreed to join him in his expected war against the Dutch. He was well disposed to the French and Roman Catholicism.
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Charles II
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Became king in 1685, he antagonized the Tories, who strongly supported the Church of England. He acted as if there were no Test Act, claiming the right to suspend its operation, and appointed many Catholics to high positions. He made a program that was a secularization of politics and was favoritism to Catholics. He violated the liberties of the Church, and he was prosecuted by bishops for disobedience but was aquitted. He fled eventually to France when William III invaded England.
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James II
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He was king of Orange, who spent most of his life blocking the ambitions of the king of France. He was Dutch, and his purpose was to save Holland and hence to ruin Louis XIV. His main interest in England was to bring the English into his balance of power against France. He invaded England and became co-ruler with Mary over England and Scotland. He defeated a French and Irish force led by James II, and the constitutional liberties of England were saved.
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William III
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This required all officeholders to take communion in the Church of England. This renewed the legislation against the Dissenters and also made it impossible for Catholics to serve in the government or in the army and navy.
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Test Act
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In this, Charles II announced the nonenforcement of laws against Dissenters. The king declared that he favored general toleration, but it was feared that his real aim was to promote Roman Catholicism.
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Declaration of Indulgence
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Formerly called Puritan and now refused to accept the restored Church of England. Parliament excluded them from the town corporations, or governing bodies. forbade them to teach school or come within 5 miles of an incorporated town, and prohibited all religious meetings, not held according to the forms and by the authority of the Church of England.
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Dissenters
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This was the final overthrow of James II, and was the end of the revolution. The English now feared Ireland as a source of danger to the postrevolutionary arrangements in England.
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Battle of the Boyne
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In 1689, Parliament enacted this, which said that no law could be suspended by the king, no taxes could be raised or army maintained except by parliamentary consent, and no subject could be arrested and detained without legal process.
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Bill of Rights
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This was passed by Parliament in 1689, which allowed Protestant Dissenters to practice their religion but still excluded them from political life and public service.
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Toleration Act
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In 1701, passed to say that no Catholic could be king of England; this excluded descendants of James II, known in the previous century as the Pretenders.
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Act of Settlement
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The Scots could obtain rights in the East India Company, nor in the English colonies, now within the English system of mercantilism. They obtained these rights by consenting to a union. The Scots retained their own legal system and parliament were merged with those of England.
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Act of Union
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This originated when Williams government borrowed large sums of money from private lenders, who in return for holding government bonds, were given the privilege of operating a bank.
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Bank of England
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The English subjected them to this, which included Catholic clergy being banished, and Catholics were forbidden to vote or sit in the Irish parliament. Catholic teachers were forbidden to teach, and Catholic parents were forbidden to send children overseas to be educated. Catholic Irishmen were prohibited from purchasing or inheriting land. The purpose was to weaken Ireland during a long period of wars, and to favor English manufactures by removing Irish competition.
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Irish penal code
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The rule of this group was within its strict social limits a regime of political liberty. This was the landowning interest was the only class that have sufficiently wealthy, numerous, educated, and self-conscious people to stand on its own feet.
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"gentlemen"
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The events of 1688 were called this by the English. The revolution was portrayed as vindicating the principles of parliamentary government, the rule of law, and even the right of rebellion against tyranny.
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Glorious Revolution
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The squires or landed gentry in Britian.
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"squirearchy"
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He, along with Lorrain, produced a notable school of painters, whose architecture was seen throughout Europe, and they excelled in military fortification and engineering. The school's writing was mostly written by bourgeois writers, but it was designed for an aristocratic audience.
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Poussin
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He, along with Poussin, produced a notable school of painters, whose architecture was seen throughout Europe, and they excelled in military fortification and engineering. The school's writing was mostly written by bourgeois writers, but it was designed for an aristocratic audience.
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Lorrain
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He, along with Racine, wrote austere tragedies on the personal conflicts and social relations of human life.
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Corneille
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He, along with Corneille, wrote austere tragedies on the personal conflicts and social relations of human life.
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Racine
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He wrote many comedies which ridiculed bumbling doctors, new-rich bourgeois, and aristocrats, making the word "marquis" almost a joke in the French language.
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Moliere
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He wrote many animal fables and they were heard all throughout the world.
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La Fontaine
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He was a brilliant French mathematician and scientific thinker.
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Descartes
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He was a French scientist who was also a profound spokesman for Christianity.
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Pascal
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He was a French man, and a father of modern skeptics. His French thought, along with the others, helped the French to sweep the European world in the 17th century.
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Bayle
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King of France, he gave financial aid to many writers and artists, and also favored science. His monarchy is often referred to as the "absolute monarchy", he announced he would lead at the age of 23 when Marizan died. He attemped to make the state instead himself as a ruler over all. He was brilliant in that he made sure he had control over the army. He said that all persons in France that were armed fought only for him. He also increased the size of the army. He built himself a city at the town of Versailles. He was one of the only to tax the nobles. He allowed a certain amount of religious toleration, but he considered religious unity necessary to the strength and dignity of his rule.
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Louis XIV
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Louis XIV's great minister, who worked for 20 yrs to make France financially powerful. He applied mercantilism, making France a self-sufficing economic unit, to expand the export of French goods, and to increase the wealth from which government income was drawn. He managed to reduce internal tariffs, and set up an area called the Five Great Farms which was one of the largest free trade areas in Europe. He built roads and canals to improve transportation. He helped to found colonies, improved the navy, and est. the French East India Company.
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Colbert
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Cardinal who was leader of France, and had the Fronde going against him in an abortive revolution. He was an unpopular leader, and their goal was to overthrow him from power and obtain offices themselves. He eventually died in 1661, and Louis XIV took over after that.
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Mazarin
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These became the unofficial gathering places ofr Parisian nobles, wealthy professional persons, and creative writers or artists. They were organized by upper-class women who invited people into their homes to discuss philosophy, literature, and art. This could all be debated without the formal constraints and formality of the academies. They attracted criticism from the govt. because they were created by women and they flourished outside the official cultural institutions of the state.
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salons
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They broke out immediately after the Peace of Westphalia, and was directed against Marazin. It was an abortive revolution, led by the same parlements and nobility that initiate the French Revolution. The parlements insisted on their right to pronounce certain edicts unconstitutional, the nobility rebelled and fighting ensued. The bourgeoise, with the parlements, withdrew support from the nobility, showing the 2 sides could not work together. After the fighting was over, the bourgeoisie and peasants made sure to protect themselves from the aristocrats.
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Fronde
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Louis XIV did this in 1685, and France then began a century of official intolerance, under which the Protestants were not tolerated and many left France. It was a blow to society because many Protestants were found in all levels of society, those of the commercial and industrial classes were the most mobile.
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Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
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These bodies were formed as courts of law, each being the supreme court for a certain area of the country. They upheld certain fundamental laws, which they said the king could not overstep, and refused to enforce royal edicts that they declared unconstitutional. They, along with the nobility, led the revolution against Marizan, and insisted on their right to pronounce certain edicts unconstitutional.
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parlements
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This was a theory that was official and favored in academics which emphasized order, harmony, and the artistic achievements of antiquity. The French artists used this theme in their art and writing, and it fit with the Sun King's order for harmony, and hierarchy in every sphere of life.
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classicism
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Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who was distracted by developments in the East. He succeeded in ev eventually getting the Turkish army out of Austria. In opposition to all the land being lost, he gathered all the Catholic powers into a combination against the French.
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Leopold I
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This was a group composed of Catholic and Protestant enemies of Louis XIV was came together when he began rebelling and taking land. A war broke out in 1688, where the French won many battles but could not drive out enemies. The French navy could not overcome the combined Dutch and English. Louis XIV found himself in trouble and made peace at Ryswick in 1697.
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League of Augsburg
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This region was given to the French king in the Peace of Westphalia. The French troops moved in and occupied the city of Strassbourg, which was a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, and therefore an independent republic. All throughout Germany, a protest begun.
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Alsace and Lorraine
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Treaty that partitioned the world of Spain, but did not divide it. The French abandoned their efforts to conquer Belgium. They surrendered to the British 2 of their colonies, Newofundland and Nova Scotia. The French retained Alsace and Franche-Comte. The 2 states of Savoy and Brandenburg were officially recognized and their leaders were called kings. Britain was the greatest winners, they gained territory in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, as well as an asiento which granted them the privilege of providing Spanish America with African slaves. The ratification of the treaty marked a further step in the evolution of English comstitutional history.
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Peace of Utrecht
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Charles II of England invaded the Dutch providences on the lower Rhine in 1672, this time raising up against him his great enemy, the prince of Orange. William III brought many people into alliance with the Dutch Republic. therefore forcing Louis to sign the treaty of Nimwegen in 1678.
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The Dutch War
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The French took this providence from the Spanish during the Dutch War. This region outflanked Alsace on the south and brought French power to the borders of Switzerland. This area was lost by the Holy Roman Empire.
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Franche-Comte
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This was an ally of Louis XIV, whi was a forerunner of the kings of Prussia.
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Elector of Brandenburg
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William III gathered the stunned or hesitant dimpolats into this Grand Alliance of 1701. They included England, Holland, and the Austrian emperor, supported by Brandenburg and eventually by Portugal and the Italian duchy of Savoy. This was created because of Louis XIV's inheritance of the Spanish empire with the death of Charles II. This was a major threat of power, so there needed to be an alliance to balance it.
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Grand Coalition
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