Chapter 4: Models Of Memory

Front 1

Information processing system

Back 1

Like the computer, researchers have characterized human memory as an _____________ that has three separate stages: an input or encoding stage, a storage stage, and a retrieval stage during which an already stored memory is called into consciousness.

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

Information is transformed or coded into a form that can be processed further and stored in the ___________ stage.

Ex. Listening to a song and processing the genre of the song you've heard before

Front 3

Storage

Back 3

The retention of encoded material over time is done in the ____________ stage and can have brief or long term memories within it.

Ex. Phone numbers are remember on a permanent basis since there used often.

Front 4

Retrieval

Back 4

The process of getting the information out of memory storage is called _____________.

Front 5

The Stages-Of-Memory Model

Back 5

Stimuli is presented (Info in the Environ.)

1. Sensory memory registers (forgetting is very rapid

2. Short-Term Memory (forgetting occurs in about 20 seconds if information is not rehearsed) and Rehearsal

3. Long Term Memory (LTM) - processes of encoding and retrieval

Front 6

Stage-Of-Memory Model

Back 6

Atkinson & Schiffrin (1968) came up with this three stage model called ________________.

Front 7

Stimuli Presented

1. Sensory Registers (Memory)

2. Short-Term Memory (Rehearsal)

3. Long-Term Memory (Encoding and Retrieval between STM and LTM)

Back 7

The Stage-Of-Memory is a three step process describes as ________________________________________.

*Describe the Steps

Front 8

Sensory Memory

Back 8

______________ is memory that has a large capacity, very fast decay, and is very fragile for visual, auditory stimuli, but extensive memory for sensory events.

Front 9

Iconic Memory

Back 9

___________________ is a type of sensory memory that involves the memory of visual stimuli. It is how the brain remembers an image you have seen in the world around you that lasts very briefly before quickly fading.

Front 10

The Whole Report

Back 10

__________________ was a technique within analyses of iconic memory wherein the involved party tries to remember all of the displayed data of letters for 50 milliseconds and were told to identify as many letters as possible.

Front 11

The Partial Report

Back 11

__________________ was a iconic memory technique of flashing letters of a specific row for 50 milliseconds in which participates could remember most times.

Front 12

Sperling (1960)

Back 12

________________ conducted iconic memory research on sensory storage.

Front 13

Echoic Memory (auditory)

Back 13

_________________ is one of the sensory memory registers; a component of sensory memory (SM) that is specific to retaining auditory information.

Front 14

Short-Term Memory

Back 14

___________________ memory consists of attention, rehearsal, and retrieval.

Front 15

Attention

Back 15

_________________ attends to information in the sensory store and moves to short-term memory.

Front 16

Rehearsal

Back 16

_________________ is repeating the information to the keep maintained in short-term memory.

Front 17

Retrieval

Back 17

________________ is accessing memory in the long-term memory and place in short-term memory.

Front 18

Petersons (1958)

Back 18

___________________(Person's name) short-term memory graph showed rapid decay without rehearsal and there was a need to make room for incoming information. 50% were able to remember with 3 seconds of rehearsal and nearly 100% were able to remember with 12 seconds to remember.

Front 19

10 to 20 seconds

Back 19

Items appear to be lost from short-term memory in about ______ to _______.

Front 20

Miller (1956), capacity limit

Back 20

______________'s concept of _____________ for short-term memory suggested that most adults can store between 5 and 9 items in their short-term memory. He thought that short term memory could hold 7 (plus or minus 2 items) because it only had a certain number of “slots” in which items could be stored.

Front 21

Cowan (2001)

Back 21

_______________ was the psychologist who came up with the capacity limit theory of chunky of 3~5.

Front 22

Capacity limit

Back 22

____________ is an important basic component of human intellectual achievements.

Front 23

Long-term memory

Back 23

_______________ is memory storage that has a very large capacity and the capability to store information relatively permanently.

Front 24

Forgetting

Back 24

________________ occurs at any stage of memory and it is due to storage decay.

Front 25

Proactive Interference

Back 25

Situation in which previously learned information hinders the recall of information learned more recently is called _________________.

Ex: When you move to a new house, you find yourself using your old address.

Front 26

Retroactive Interference

Back 26

Situation in which information learned more recently hinders the recall of information learned previously is called ____________________.

Ex. Watching a movie preview and suggesting to a friend to watch it later, only you can't remember the title of the movie.

Front 27

Explicit Memory, effortful

Back 27

__________________(declarative) memory is facts and experiences that we consciously know and declare. This is considered an ____________ process.

Front 28

Episodic and Semantic Memory

Back 28

_____________(remembering trip to Hawaii) and _____________ (remembering that Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii) are considered declarative memory (explicit).

Front 29

Implicit Memory, automatic

Back 29

________________ (non-declarative) memory is information that skips our conscious encoding and barges into storage and it is an ____________ process.

Front 30

Sematic Memory

Back 30

_________________ is memory from general knowledge.

Ex. the four seasons are spring, summer, fall and winter

Front 31

Episodic Memory

Back 31

________________ is memory of one's personal experiences.

Ex. Seeing Kanye West perform live in 2016.

Front 32

Priming

Back 32

_____________ is unconscious memory processing in which prior exposure to stimulus items may aid subsequent learning and is considered implicit memory.

Ex. Amnesia patients studying object and finds learning is enhanced without remembering seeing the object.

Front 33

Procedural Memory

Back 33

Memory for making responses and performing skilled actions is an implicit memory called ___________ memory.

Ex. Remembering how to ride a bike, play tennis, drive a car.

Front 34

Procedural and Priming

Back 34

______________ (drive a car) and ___________ (amnesia patient) are considered implicit memory (non-declarative)

*Book definition of implicit memory

Front 35

Motor skills and Classical Conditioning

Back 35

_______________ (riding a bike without thinking) and ______________( feeling nauseated at the sight or smell of a certain food) are considered implicit memory (Non-declarative).

Front 36

Forgetting

Back 36

_____________ can occur when there is an encoding failure and memory isn't transferred/encoded into long term memory.

Front 37

Loftus Experiment

Back 37

___________________ was done using the lead questions that would affect recall in a situation where participants were asked to estimate speed. The experimenters used "smashed" and softer words like hit, collided bumped, etc. The results showed that the word "smashed" led to estimation of speeds around 40mph and bumped and other words results in an estimates 31mph speed collision.

Front 38

Retrieval/reconstruction

Back 38

Loftus experiment shows us how _________________ are affected by suggestive memories and it can lead to false memory.

Front 39

Boundary extension

Back 39

People tend to remember more of a scene than was actually viewed is called _____________.

Ex: Putting the whole trashcan in the photo when drawing it when the original picture has half missing

Front 40

Repression

Back 40

________ is the exclusion of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings from the conscious mind. Often involving sexual or aggressive urges or painful childhood memories, these unwanted mental contents are pushed into the unconscious mind.

Front 41

Repression/Recovered Memory Controversy

Back 41

_____________________ arises from repression being an overused explanation for memory failures and cognitive interviewers should avoid suggestive or leading questions in order to not persuade the victim to make up a false memory.