Chapter 4 Keyterms

Front 1

Robert Walpole

Back 1

-british statesman who s regarded as having been the first prime minister of great britain
-he served during the reigns of George1 and George 2
- became the sole and undisputed leader of the Cabinet

Front 2

Privy Council

Back 2

- a body that advises the head of state of a nation concerning the exercise of executive authority
- privy= private
- a committee of the monarchs closest advisors to give confidential advice

Front 3

Benjamin Franklin

Back 3

- Founding Fathers of the United States
-leading author and printer, satirist, polithical theorist, polician, post master ,scientist ,inventor ,civic activist, statesman ,and diplomat

Front 4

New France

Back 4

-area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534

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Paltry Wages

Back 5

a

Front 6

Albany Plan

Back 6

-proposed by Benjamin Franklin
-1754 in Albany, New York
-Franklin's plan of union was one of several put forth by various delegates of the Albany Congress.

Front 7

French Indian War

Back 7

-common U.S. name for the war between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763
-The war was fought primarily along the frontiers between the British colonies from Virginia to Nova Scotia, and began with a dispute over the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Front 8

Louis XIV

Back 8

-known as the Sun King
- was King of France and of Navarre
-began at the age of four and lasted seventy-two years
-longest documented reign of any European monarch

Front 9

Missionary Zeal

Back 9

a

Front 10

Louis Joliet

Back 10

-a French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America
-Jolliet and Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette, a Catholic priest and missionary
- first Europeans to explore and map the much of the Mississippi River in 1673

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Sugar Act

Back 11

-In 1764 Parliament passed the Sugar Act
-signaled the end of colonial exemption from revenue-raising taxation
-lowered the duty on foreign-produced molasses from six pence per gallon to 3 pence per gallon,
-stipulated that Americans could export many commodities, including lumber, iron, skins, and whalebone, to foreign countries

Front 12

Currency Act

Back 12

-September 1, 1764, Parliament passed the Currency Act, effectively assuming control of the colonial currency system
-prohibited the issue of any new bills and the reissue of existing currency
-Parliament favored a "hard currency" system based on the pound sterling, but was not inclined to regulate the colonial bills
-red a trade deficit with Great Britain to begin with and argued that the shortage of hard capital would further exacerbate the situation

Front 13

Paxton Boys

Back 13

-January 1764, a group of Paxton Boys began a march on the capital
-The strange spectacle of pacifists arming themselves with muskets and rolling cannon into public squares was observed
-it was a measure of the hostility that had developed between frontiersman and Indian
- the march on Philadelphia was an early example of regional and social tension

Front 14

Regulatory Movement

Back 14

-designation for two groups, one in South Carolina, the other in North Carolina, that tried to effect governmental changes in the 1760s
-was an organized effort by backcountry settlers to restore law and order and establish institutions of local government
-brought criminals to justice and set up courts to resolve legal disputes

Front 15

Stamp Act

Back 15

-passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765
-new tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used.
-money collected by the Stamp Act was to be used to help pay the costs of defending and protecting the American frontier near the Appalachian Mountains
-viewed as a direct attempt by England to raise money in the colonies without the approval of the colonial legislatures.

Front 16

Virginia Resolves

Back 16

- series of resolutions passed by the Virginia General Assembly.
- The resolves claimed that in accordance with long established British law, Virginia was subject to taxation only by a parliamentary assembly to which Virginians themselves elected representatives.

Front 17

Sons Of Liberty

Back 17

- political group made up of American Patriots.
- designed to incite change in the British government's treatment of the Colonies in the years following the end of the French and Indian War.
- patriots attacked the apparatus and symbols of British authority.

Front 18

The Tory's

Back 18

b

Front 19

Mutiny Act

Back 19

- passed yearly by Parliament for governing the British Army.
- passed in 1689 in response to the mutiny of a large portion of the army which stayed loyal to the Stuarts upon William III taking the crown of England.

Front 20

Quartering Act

Back 20

- name of at least two 18th-century acts of the Parliament of Great Britain.
- used by the British forces in the American colonies to ensure that British soldiers had adequate housing and provisions.
- intended as a response to problems that arose during Britain's victory in the Seven Years War they later became a source of tension between inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies and the government in London.

Front 21

Townshend Act

Back 21

- series of acts passed beginning in 1767.
- to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.

Front 22

Navigation Act

Back 22

- 1650-1673.
- series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies.
- force colonial development into lines favorable to England, and stop colonial trade with the Netherlands and France.

Front 23

Boston Massacre

Back 23

- incident that led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British American colonies, which culminated in the American Revolutionary War.

Front 24

Samuel Adams

Back 24

- September 27, 1722 – October 2, 1803.
- statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
- leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States.

Front 25

Loyalists

Back 25

- American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- referred to as Tories, Royalists, or King's Men by the Patriots.
- Black Loyalists made up some of the Loyalist community but were compensated by British claims procedures.

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Patriots

Back 26

- supported the cause of North American independence in the American Revolution.
- supported the cause of South American independence in the Spanish American wars of independence.
- supported independence for what is now Québec, Canada, during the Lower Canada Rebellion.

Front 27

Gaspee Incident

Back 27

- The Gaspee was a British Royal Navy ship assigned to customs duty.
- On June 9, 1772, the Gaspee was chasing a merchant ship believed to be smuggling goods.
- The British repeal of the Townsend Act brought two years of peace between Britain and the colonies.

Front 28

Tea Act

Back 28

- an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain.
- to increase the deposit on bohea tea to be sold at the East India Company's sales.
- to increase the deposit on bohea tea to be sold at the East India Company's sales.

Front 29

Daughters of Liberty

Back 29

- Colonial American group that consisted of women who displayed their patriotism by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts.
- they made homespun cloth and other goods.
- The Daughters of Liberty used their traditional skills to weave yarn and wool into fabric, known as "homespun". They were recognized as patriotic heroines for their success, making America less dependent on British textiles.

Front 30

Boston Tea Party

Back 30

- direct action by colonists in Boston.
- was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act.
- a key event in the growth of the American Revolution

Front 31

Coercive Acts

Back 31

- five laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774.
- triggered outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies.
- were important developments in the growth of the American Revolution.

Front 32

First Continental Congress

Back 32

- convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies.
- Congress was attended by 56 members appointed by the legislatures of twelve of the Thirteen Colonies.
- published a list of rights and grievances.

Front 33

John Adams

Back 33

- October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826.
- American politician and political philosopher and the second President of the United States.
- one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States.

Front 34

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Back 34

- first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.
- They were fought on April 19, 1775.
- marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in the mainland of British North America.

Front 35

General Thomas Gage

Back 35

- 1720 – April 2, 1787.
- best known for his role in the early days of the American War of Independence.
- After the fall of Montreal in 1760, he was named its military governor.

Front 36

Father Jacques Marquette

Back 36

- June 10, 1637 – May 18, 1675.
- French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan's first European settlement.
- one of the first Europeans to see and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River.

Front 37

Rene Robert Cavalier

Back 37

- November 21, 1643 – March 19, 1687.
- a French explorer.
- explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico.

Front 38

The Iroquois Confederacy

Back 38

- association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America.
- Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations.
- Confederacy dissolved after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War.

Front 39

King Williams War

Back 39

- 1689–97.
- first of the French and Indian Wars.
- fought between England, France, and their respective American Indian allies in the colonies of Canada (New France), Acadia, and New England.

Front 40

Fort Necessity

Back 40

- July 3, 1754.
- was an early battle of the French and Indian War.
- preserving elements of the Battle of Fort Necessity in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States.

Front 41

William Pitt

Back 41

- 28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806.
- British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
- The Right Hon. William Pitt when he joined the government of Lord Shelburne as Chancellor of the Exchequer and was appointed a member of the Privy Council.

Front 42

Siege of Quebec

Back 42

- ended any French hopes of victory in the French and Indian Wars.
- the French garrison of Quebec outnumbered the besieging troops.
- Quebec was a natural fortress, on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, and protected by cliffs and ravines.

Front 43

Peace of Paris 1763

Back 43

- signed on 10 February 1763.
- kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement.
- marked the beginning of an extensive period of British dominance outside Europe.

Front 44

Proclamation of 1763

Back 44

- October 7, 1763.
- proclamation was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier.

Front 45

Grenville Ministry

Back 45

- 16 April 1763 – 13 July 1765.
- British Government headed by George Grenville.
- Ministry confronted growing discontent in Britain's American colonies which were to lead to the American War of Independence breaking out in 1775.