Chapter 4 Key Terms Sociology

Front 1

agents of socialization

Back 1

those groups, institutions, and people from which we learn the patterns of our culture.

Front 2

anticipatory socialization

Back 2

social learning that is directed towards occupying a new position and the expected behaviors of that position.

Front 3

concrete operational stage

Back 3

the stage of development in which children begin to think in terms of actual events and objects and understand casual relationships.

Front 4

conventtional level

Back 4

a level of moral development in which children begin to evaluate behavior in terms of right and wrong.

Front 5

differential socialization

Back 5

the process by which members of the same society are raised differently based upon the different roles they are expected to perform as adults.

Front 6

ego

Back 6

the conscious, reality oriented component of the mind that strives to balance the demands of the id with those of the superego

Front 7

ethnic or racial socialization

Back 7

those components of socialization that transmit messages concerning the status of ones ethnic or racial group in relation to others while facilitating a sense of identity based upon ethnicity or race.

Front 8

formal operational stage

Back 8

a final stage of development in which children lean the ability to think abstractly and critically

Front 9

game stage

Back 9

the final stage in the development of self, during which children become aware of the generalized other and are able to view a situation from the perspectives of multiple others.

Front 10

gender socialization

Back 10

that potion of socialization involving particular messages about what it means to be male ot female in a society.

Front 11

generalized other

Back 11

the commonly accepted cultural norms and values that we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves.

Front 12

I

Back 12

the subjective, spontaneous, and unique element of self.

Front 13

id

Back 13

the component of personality that represents a human being's basic biological needs and demands instant gratification

Front 14

me

Back 14

the objective element of self, consisting of the internalized attitudes and expectations of the larger social environment.

Front 15

mind

Back 15

the capacity to understand symbols

Front 16

agents of socialization

Back 16

those groups, institutions, and people from which we learn the patterns of our culture.

Front 17

anticipatory socialization

Back 17

social learning that is directed towards occupying a new position and the expected behaviors of that position.

Front 18

concrete operational stage

Back 18

the stage of development in which children begin to think in terms of actual events and objects and understand casual relationships.

Front 19

conventtional level

Back 19

a level of moral development in which children begin to evaluate behavior in terms of right and wrong.

Front 20

differential socialization

Back 20

the process by which members of the same society are raised differently based upon the different roles they are expected to perform as adults.

Front 21

preparatory stage

Back 21

the first stage in the development of self, during which children largely imitate the world around them

Front 22

resocialization

Back 22

learning a different set of values, norms, attitudes from those we have previously learned.

Front 23

self

Back 23

that portion of an individual's personality composed of self image and self awareness

Front 24

sensorimotor stage

Back 24

the stage of development where children can only understand the world around them through their five senses.

Front 25

socialization

Back 25

the lifelong process by which individuals learn their culture and develop their human potential

Front 26

superego

Back 26

the moral and ethical aspects of personality shaped by culture in which the child lives.

Front 27

taking the role of the other

Back 27

to be able to see one's self as specific other people see one.

Front 28

total institutions

Back 28

an environment in which people are isolated from the rest of society and under the continuous control of the administrative staff

Front 29

Charles Horton Cooley

Back 29

symbolic interactionist who believed in the I and me components of the self

Front 30

George herbert Mead

Back 30

Symbolic interactionist who developed the concept of the looking glass self

Front 31

achieved status

Back 31

a social position that an individual voluntarily occupies as a result of their effort or choice

Front 32

anomie

Back 32

a condition or situation of normlessness in which society provides little moral and behavioral guidance to individuals

Front 33

ascribed status

Back 33

a social position that is acquired at birth or involuntarily acquired later in life

Front 34

draumaturgical analysis

Back 34

the study of everyday social interaction in theoretical terms.

Front 35

ethnomethodology

Back 35

the study of common-sense knowledge that people use to understand and organize their everyday surroundings and events.

Front 36

master status

Back 36

a status that has exceptional importance in shaping a person's identity; a person's most salient social identity.

Front 37

nonverbal communication

Back 37

communication with others that employs facial expressions, body movements, and gestures other than speech

Front 38

presentation of self

Back 38

the manipulation of one's role performance designed to create a particular impression

Front 39

role

Back 39

the set of behavioral and attitudinal expectations that accompany a particular status

Front 40

role conflict

Back 40

conflict between the roles associated with two or more statuses

Front 41

role exit

Back 41

when someone disengages from an important social role

Front 42

role expectation

Back 42

societys or a groups expectation of the manner in which a role ought to be performed

Front 43

role expectation

Back 43

Societys or a groups expectation of the manner in which a role ought to be performed.

Front 44

role performance

Back 44

how a person actually behaves and acts in a tole, in contrast to how the role is expected to be played.

Front 45

role set

Back 45

the different roles that are attached to a specific status

Front 46

role strain

Back 46

tension among the roles linked to a single status

Front 47

self fulfilling prophecy

Back 47

A false or inaccurate label, belief, prediction, perception, or steotype that evokes behavior, which then makes the originally false belief come true.

Front 48

social construction of reality

Back 48

the process by whoch peoples's subjective definitions and interpretations of events shape their perceptions of reality

Front 49

status

Back 49

a socially defined position that an individual occupies

Front 50

status set

Back 50

all of the statuses a person occupies at a given time

Front 51

status set

Back 51

all of the statuses a person occupies at a given time

Front 52

thomas theorem

Back 52

the concept that situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences

Front 53

Erving Goffman

Back 53

pioneered method of draumaturgical analysis to explain social interaction in theatrical terms.

Front 54

Harold Garfinkel

Back 54

Ethnomethodologist who theorized that social interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies

Front 55

aggregates

Back 55

collections of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.

Front 56

anomie

Back 56

an absence of moral guidance due to a loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society

Front 57

bureaucracy

Back 57

an organization characterized by a division of labor, a hierarchical authority, an impersonality in administration, and explicit written rules

Front 58

coercive organizations

Back 58

groups, such as prisons and mental hospitals, of which people become members involuntarily

Front 59

conformity

Back 59

behavior that complies with the norms of group or society

Front 60

dyad

Back 60

a group composed of two people

Front 61

expressive leadership

Back 61

group directed leadership that emphasizes the well being of the group and provides emotional support for its members

Front 62

formal organizations

Back 62

large, highly structures groups organized to achieve specific goals

Front 63

gemeinschaft

Back 63

preindustrial societies where social relationships are based upon the primary group ties of friendship, kinship, and intergenerational stability

Front 64

gesellschaft

Back 64

a large, urban, impersonal society characterized social bonds based upon individual self-interest.

Front 65

goal displacement

Back 65

the subordination of the stated goals of the organization in favor of continued survival of the organization or the oligarchy that runs the organization

Front 66

groupthink

Back 66

the tendency of a group members to conform to a decision that many individual