Chapter 4 - Histology

Front 1

How many types of tissue are there?

Back 1

4

Front 2

What are the names and functions of each tissue?

Back 2

1. Nervous - internal communication (brain, spinal cord, & nerves)
2. Muscle - contracts to cause movement (muscle attaches to bone - skeletal; heart muscles; muscles of walls of hollow organs-smooth)
3. Epithelial - forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, & filters (skin; lining of GI tract & other hollow organs)
4. Connective - supports, protects, & binds other tissues together (bones; tendons; fat & other soft padding tissue)

Front 3

Describe Epithelial tissue

Back 3

Epithelial tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers

Front 4

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Back 4

1. Selective barrier - to transfer substances in/out of body
2. secretory surfaces
3. protective surfaces - immune system and to resist abrasion

Front 5

Describe epithelial cells

Back 5

1. avascular (no blood vessels)
2. high rate of cell division
3. 1 side doesn't connect to anything - "free surface"
4. basement membrane serves as a boundary, connects or glues to underlining tissue

Front 6

What causes carcinoma cancer in epithelial tissue?

Back 6

Because it begins in the epithelial cells. Since epithelial cells divide so quickly, it can cause mutations to occur which in turn causes cancer

Front 7

Concerning the covering and lining of epithelial tissue, how are the layers arranged?

Back 7

1. simple - single layer
2. stratified - multiple layers
3. pseudostratified - appearance of multi layered, but is single layer and all cells are attached to the basement membrane

Front 8

What is the cell shape?

Back 8

1. squamous - flat cells
2. cuboidal - cubed cells
3. columnar - columned cells

Front 9

Simple squamous epithelium, what are the functions and the locations?

Back 9

1 layer, flat cells; thin membrane
Location: line the heart & blood vessels, air sacs of lungs, most serous membranes, & glomerular capsule of kidney
Function: diffusion, filtration

Front 10

Simple cuboidal epithelium, functions and locations?

Back 10

1 layer, cubed shaped cells; lumem (duct)
Location: kidney tubules, pancreas, bronchioles, salivary glands
Function: absorption, secretion

Front 11

Simple columnar epithelium - nonciliated (no cilia), function and location?

Back 11

1 layer, columned cells
Location: GI tract
Functions: secretion, absorbs (nutrients)

Front 12

Simple columnar epithelium - ciliated (has cilia), function and location?

Back 12

1 layer, columned cells
Location: uterine tubes (canal from uterus to ovary)
Function: movement (moves egg/embryo)

Front 13

What is the difference between the simple columnar epithelium with cilia and without cilia?

Back 13

Nonciliated has microvilli, which is a plasma membrane that increases surface area, and more surface area means it is more efficient to absorb and break down. The microvilli, like cilia, is made from cytoskeleton. The cilia helps movement, and is hairlike protein extensions.

Front 14

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, function and location?

Back 14

Location: upper respiratory tract - nasal cavity-->beginning of lungs
Function: secretion, movement of debris, protection of lungs

Front 15

Stratified squamous epithelium, location and function?

Back 15

Multiple layers, flat cells, some have keratin
Location:
-with keratin - skin
-without keratin - lining of the mouth, anus, vagina
Function: protection from wear & tear, and pathogens, helps slow down water loss

Front 16

Stratified cuboidal epithelium, location and function?

Back 16

Multi layer, cubed shaped cells
Location: sweat glands (adult), seminiferous tubules (testes), & follicles of ovaries
Function: secretion, production of sperm, secrete ovarian hormones

Front 17

Stratified columnar epithelium, location and function?

Back 17

Multi layer, columned shaped cells
Location: urethral (track from bladder)
Functions: protection

Front 18

Transitional epithelium, location and function?

Back 18

Location: urinary bladder
Function: allows stretching; when bladder is relaxed it's stratified cuboidal, when bladder fills up, it extends and looks like stratified squamous

Front 19

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Back 19

Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body.
Functions:
-binds, supports, & strengthens
-protects and insulates (fat tissue)
-compartmentalizes (muscles)
-transport system (blood)
-stored energy
-immunity

Front 20

What are the components of connective tissue?

Back 20

1. Extracellular matrix (outside of cell)
--a) protein fibers:
-collagen - most abundant protein in entire body
-elastic - a lot in ear
-reticular
--b) ground substance - consistency of tissue
-fluid - blood
-gel
-solid - bone

Front 21

What are the components of connective tissue? (Cnt.)

Back 21

2) Cells
-Fibroblasts - most common; produce collagen
-adipose - fat cell
-chrondrocytes - build cartilage
-osteocytes - found in bone
-WBCs:
-mast - respond to allergens
-macrophages - undergo phagocytosis-swallows bacteria
-plasma cells - secrete antibodies

Front 22

Loose connective tissue: areolar connective, location and function?

Back 22

Doesn't have a lot of extracellular matrix
Location: most abundant and has a wide distribution
Function: helps bind and support - "glue of the body"

Front 23

Loose connective: adipose, location and function?

Back 23

Little extracellular matrix
Location: wide distribution
Function: storage of fat (ortriglycerides)

Front 24

Loose connective: reticular, location and function?

Back 24

Has a lot of reticular fibers
Location: liver, spleen, lymph nodes - any organ that filters blood or lymph
Function: support and filtration of RBC, pathogens-makes a net to trap "foreign invaders"

Front 25

Dense regular connective tissue, location and function?

Back 25

A lot of extracellular matrix, less cells
Location: tendons and ligaments; tendons attach to muscle to bone, ligaments connect bone to bone
Function: strong attachment
(all fibers going the same direction, regular pattern of collagen)

Front 26

Dense irregular connective tissue, location and function?

Back 26

Few cells, a lot of extracellular matrix
Collagen arranged in all directions, no pattern
Location: dermis (2nd layer) of skin, bones, muscles, and joints
Function: strength, withstands stresses applied in unpredictable directions

Front 27

Dense connective - elastic connective, location and function?

Back 27

Has less cells, a lot of extracellular matrix & a lot of matrix fibers
Location: lung, aorta of the heart
Function: allows expansion & contraction
(In aorta - helps keep blood moving in the body, maintains blood pressure)

Front 28

Hyaline cartilage, describe, location, and function

Back 28

Main cells are chondrocytes
Hyaline is avascular
Incredibly dense network of collagen
Has lacuna - small cavity within tissue that acts as a home in the tissue for chondrocyte
Location: ends of bones (allows smooth joint movement), trachea, almost entire fetal skeleton with exception of skull, nose, & growth plate
Function: ends of bones - joint movement; trachea - helps hold airway open; fetal skeleton: precursor for bone

Front 29

Fibrocartilage, location and function?

Back 29

Has chondrocytes and lacuna
Location: intervertebral disk, meniscus
Function: support and helping to resist compression, absorb shock

Front 30

Elastic cartilage, location and function?

Back 30

Location: outer ear, epiglottis (back of throat, covers windpipe)
Function: maintain structure (shape), support, & protection

Front 31

Bone tissue, location and function?

Back 31

Connective tissue, solid, has collagen, osteocytes, and lacuna
Location: bones
Function: protection, movement, and support

Front 32

Liquid connective tissue, location and function?

Back 32

Blood and lymph
Location: heart and blood vessels; lymph - lymph vessels and lymph nodes
Function: blood - transport and immunity; lymph - immunity

Front 33

Skeletal muscle tissue, characteristics and function?

Back 33

Characteristics - striated pattern (light & dark bands), multiple nuclei (because cells are longer than average) & a lot of mitochondria, voluntary
Function: movement, posture, support, and heat production

Front 34

Cardiac muscle tissue, characteristics and function?

Back 34

Characteristics: striated (light & dark bands), branched, and involuntary
Function: pump blood

Front 35

Smooth muscle tissue, characteristics and location?

Back 35

Characteristics: no striation, 1 nucleus per cell, involuntary
Location: iris of eyes (controls how much light enters eyes), walls of organs (such as digestive), and airways to lungs

Front 36

Nervous tissue, what are the cells?

Back 36

1. Neurons - cell body & processes, conduct electrical impulses (carry signals throughout body), found within spinal cord and brain
2. Neurological - support cells, take care of neurons, wraps around neurons and forms myelin sheath