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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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William the Silent
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p.126,152
(1578-1584) Led the Dutch in the religious wars/wars for independence to clear the Spanish out of the 17 provinces; family had enjoyed exceptional prestige in the republic |
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Hugo Grotius
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p.149,251
(1583-1645) Dutch writer who wrote "Law of War and Peace", a pioneering treatise on international law |
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Baruch Spinoza
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p.149,248
(1632-1677) From a family of refugee Portuguese Jews; quietly turned out works of philosophy, examining the nature of reality, of human conduct, and of church and state; made his living by grinding lenses |
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Rembrandt
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p.149
(1606-1669) Dutch painter who conveyed the mystery of human consciousness itself; "Masters of the Cloth Guild" is a painting of six men who seem about to speak from the canvas, inclined slightly forward, as intent on their business as judges on the proceedings on the proceedings in a courtroom; vanity must yield to collective undertakings and personal simplicity be maintained in midst of material opulence |
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Vermeer
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p.149,150,151,153
(1632-1675) Dutch painter who threw a spell of magic and quiet dignity over men, and especially women, of the burgher class, many of whom he portrayed in typical domestic scenes; "Geographer" (1669) appears not only an immaculately scrubbed and dusted Dutch interior, but something of a symbol of the modern world in its youth; same interest in the complexities of human character and the details of household objects appears in "Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window" (1650s) and "The Artist's Studio" (1665) |
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Hals
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p.149
(1580-1666) Dutch painter who produced bluff portraits of the common people |
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Leeuwenhoek
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p.149
(1632-1723) Dutchman who was a lends grinder; developed the microscope, and peering through it beheld for the first time the world of microscopic life; one of the founders of modern biological science |
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House of Orange
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p.152
Family that enjoyed exceptional prestige in the republic of the Netherlands since the days of William the Silent and the wars of independence; stadholders of most of the provinces of the Netherlands; prince of Orange simply one of the feudal noblemen of the country |
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United Provinces
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p.149,152
Estates General of the United Provinces; Dutch government called as such in the diplomatic language of the day; made up of provincial delegates; Republican government under which Dutch enjoyed great freedom; hardly met all requirements of a state; seven provinces sent representatives; each province had, as its executive, an elected stadholder, but there was no stadholder for the United Provinces as a whole; Dutch provinces joined together |
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Bank of Amsterdam
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p.152
Founded by the Dutch in 1609; accepted deposits of the mixed money from other parts of Europe from all persons and from all countries; assessed the gold and silver content, and, at rates fixed by itself, allowed depositors to withdraw equivalent values in gold florins minted by the Bank of Amsterdam, which were of known and unchanging weight and purity; the florins became internationally sought money, an international measure of value, acceptable everywhere; depositors were also allowed to draw checks into their accounts; attracted capital from all quarters and made possible loans for a wide range of purposes; remained financial center of Europe until French Revolution; safety of deposits guaranteed by Dutch government |
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James I
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(VI of Scotland, 1603-1625)
Son of Mary, Queen of Scots; Scottish outsider that did not seem to understand the important legislative role played by the English Parliament; wrote "The True Law of Free Monarchies", 1598 about his divine-right powers; encouraged a hierarchical structure for Anglican Church, while Parliament favored a Presbyterian structure; "No bishop, no king"; fueled anti-Catholic sentiment along with the Gunpowder Plot |
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Charles I
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(1625-1649)
James' son; demanded revenue, but Parliament resisted with the Petition of Right (1628) so that it may preserve its legislative rights; decided to rule alone from 1629-1639, relying on revenues from the royal domain and the use of ship money, which had the effect of alienating the growing mercantile elite; religious policies very similar to Catholicism and guided by Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud, whose Book of Common Prayer (1640) attempted to impose uniformity, angering the Scottish; the threat of Scottish invasion forced Charles to call Parliament back into session for defense, though they did not grant his taxes but rather again asserted liberties and put 2 of his officials on trial for treason; attempted to arrest the parliamentary leaders of the Puritan cause, which flew England into a civil war; captured and eventually executed for treason |
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Oliver Cromwell
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(1599-1658)
Brilliant and zealous leader of Parliament's New Model Army; outstanding military leader who employed many of the new more flexible tactics; devout Puritan who believed, along with his men, in religious toleration for all Protestant denominations and a democratic church structure; led Pride's Purge to get moderates out of Parliament; disposed even of Rump Parliament and named himself Lord Protector under the Instrument of Government, the only written constitution in England's history; imposed military rules and policies aimed at reforming English morals, promoted English commerce via mercantilism, and violently subdued rebellion in Ireland and Scotland |
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Long Parliament
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Parliament that sat in one form or another for 20 years, until 1660, that once again asserted its liberties of prerogatives regarding taxation and liberties from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment in response to Charles I's request for taxes to defend the nation from the Scottish invasion; placed two of Charles I's top officials on trial for treason
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Rump Parliament (of Independence)
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The remaining Parliament members after Cromwell surrounded Parliament and drove out is more moderate members in the Pride's Purge because Parliament refused to take action against the captured king; favored independent control by church congregations and placed the king under arrest and executed him for treason in 1649; disposed of by Cromwell soon after
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Roundheads
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Side of the English Civil War made up of the forces from Parliament; known as such because of their short haircuts; captured Charles I in 1645
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New Model Army
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Parliament's army led by Oliver Cromwell; believed in religious toleration for all Protestant denominations and a democratic church structure
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Commonwealth
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The name given to England and the British Isle when it was declared a republic; governed by Cromwell
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Diggers
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Ephemeral group that proceeded to occupy and cultivate common lands, or lands privately owned, in a general repudiation of property; rose during the religious and social radicalism
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Levellers
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A party that arose in England during the religious and social radicalism; were in fact what later times would call radical political democrats; numerous in Puritan army, though their chief spokesman, John Lilburne, was a civilian; appealing to natural rights and the rights of Englishmen, they asked for a nearly universal manhood suffrage, equality of representation, written constitution, and subordination of Parliament to a reformed body of voters; anticipated many ideas of the American and French revolutions over a century later
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Quakers
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Group in which religious and social radicalism were indistinguishably mixed; founded by George Fox, who when beyond Calvinism or Presbyterianism; aka Society of Friends; caused much consternation by insisting that all believers could have new revelations of spiritual truth, by rejecting various social and religious hierarchies, and by allowing or even encouraging women to preach at their meetings
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Lord Protector
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Title Cromwell gave himself under the only written constitution (Instrument of Government) in England's history as he ruled after disposing of the Rump Parliament in 1653; vainly attempted to govern through representative bodies devised by himself and his followers; driven to place England under military rule
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Restoration
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Restoration of the Stuart monarchy after Cromwell's death in 1658 as Charles II took up the throne; ended by the prospect of a Catholic dynasty for the foreseeable future; did not take long for the same issues of religion and political control to reassert themselves
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Charles II
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(1660-1685)
Monarch who became king of England with the Restoration of the Stuart family; privately inclined toward Catholicism (converted on deathbed); issued Declaration of Indulgence for dissenting faiths; continued to appoint Catholics as justices of the peace (local officials); pro-French policy; signed secret Treaty of Dover with Louis XIV |
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James II
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(1685-1688)
Brother of Charles II; ascended throne in 1688; avowed Catholic, which might have been tolerable, until his aging wife gave birth to a male heir in 1688; daughter married William of Orange, who invaded and claimed the throne as co-ruler to Mary (James' daughter) on the invitation of Parliament |
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William III
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(1689-1702)
William of Orange; married Mary, daughter of James II; stadholder of the Netherlands; invited by Parliament to invade England and claim the throne as co-ruler with Mary (II); agreed to respect parliamentary sovereignty and English liberties with the Bill of Rights |
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Test Act
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Parliament's response to Charles' II Declaration of Indulgence; required all officeholders to take communion in the Church of England; renewed legislation against Dissenters and also made it impossible for Catholics to serve in the government or in the army and navy; remained on the statute books until 1828
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Declaration of Indulgence
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Declaration issued by Charles II, who was inclined toward Catholics, that announced the non-enforcement of laws against Dissenters
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Dissenters
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People of the element formally called Puritan and now refusing to accept the restored Church of England; excluded from the town "corporations" and dissenting clergy were forbidden from teaching school or come within five miles of an incorporated town; religious meetings not held according to the forms and by the authority of the Church of England were prohibited
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Battle of the Boyne
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Battle in which a motley army of Dutchmen, Germans, Scots, and French Huguenots under William III defeated a French and Irish force led by James II, who fled to France; 1690 at the Boyne River in Ireland; constitutional liberties of England were saved and Anglican Protestantism remained the official religion of the English nation
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Bill of Rights
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Issued in 1689 by Parliament stipulating that no law could be suspended by the king (as the Test Act had been), no taxes could be raised or army maintained except by parliamentary consent, and no subject (however poor) could be arrested and detained without legal process; accepted by William III as conditions to receiving the crown
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Toleration Act
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Passed in 1689 by Parliament; allowed Protestant Dissenters to practice their religion but still excluded them from political life and public service
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Settlement Act
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Issued in 1701 that further provided that no Catholic could be king of England; this excluded the descendants of James II, known in the following century as the Pretenders
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Act of Union
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The union of Scotland with England, which allowed Scotland more rights economically and secured the parliamentary revolution in England and the island's defenses against France; also avoided James II being restored to Scottish throne; now called "British" and United Kingdom of Great Britain
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Bank of England
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Originated in 1694; operated by English private lenders who had given 1,200,000 to the government under William III to finance the war against France when England joined coalition; with it came British national debt; owners of liquid assets, merchants of London and Whig aristocrats with fat rent rolls, having lent their money to the new regime, had a compelling reason to defend it against the French and James II; having at last a government whose policies they could control, they were willing to entrust it with money in large amounts; national debt rapidly rose, while the credit of the government held consistently good
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Irish Penal Code
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Codes in Ireland in which the religious, political, and social liberties of Irish Catholics were destroyed; Catholic clergy were banished, and Catholics were forbidden to vote or sit in the Irish parliament; Catholic teachers were forbidden to teach and Catholic parents were forbidden to send children overseas to be educated in Catholic schools; no Catholic could take a degree at Trinity College, an Anglican institution; forbidden to purchase land and lease it for more than 31 years, inherit it from Protestant, or own a quality horse; could not be attorneys; etc. etc. etc.
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"Squirearchy"
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Regime of landlord-justices; drawn from gentry of each county; decided small lawsuits, punished misdemeanors, supervised the parish officials charged with poor relief and care of roads; landowners directed local affairs as justices of peace as well as national affairs in Parliament
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"Gentlemen"
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England form 1688-1832 was the best example in modern times of a true aristocracy, that is, of a country in which the men of the aristocratic landowning class not only enjoyed privileges but also conducted the government; but the landowning interest was then the only class sufficiently wealthy, numerous, educated, and self-conscious to stand on its own feet; the rule of the "gentlemen of England: was within its strict social limits a regime of political liberty; aristocracy of England
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Glorious Revolution
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Events of 1688 in England; portrayed as vindicating the principles of parliamentary government, the rule of law, and even the right of rebellion against tyranny (denied in Ireland); overthrow of James II and ascension of Mary II and William III, who was invited to invade the nation by Parliament and take the crown as long as they agreed to respect the parliamentary sovereignty and English liberties; class movement promoted and maintained by landed aristocracy
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Louis XIV #2
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Understood that France's dominant position in Europe required more than large armies and that a flourishing cultural life greatly enhanced the international prestige of even the wealthiest or most powerful sovereign state; had to secure the cooperation of the nobility and other social classes to become as much an absolute monarch as possible; man more than willing to grasp all the power he could; third king of Bourbon line; announced that he would govern country himself in 1661 at age 23; loved himself; assured himself contol of the army; made war an activity of sate; made a political principle to overawe the country with his own grandeur; preferred to use men whose upper-class status was recent for most positions in government; wanted control over aristocracy; wished to make France economically powerful; wished religious unity and so wanted to convert the Huguenots to Catholicism; reign brought considerable advantages to French middle and lower classes
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Poussin
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(1594-1665)
Part of a notable school of painters in France during the dominion of France in 17th century civilization; interest in the themes and forms of classicism |
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Lorrain
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(1600-1682)
Part of a notable school of painters in France during the dominion of France in 17th century civilization |
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Corneille
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(1606-1684)
French writer who wrote austere tragedies on the personal conflicts and social relations of human life during dominance of France in 17th century civilization |
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Racine
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(1639-1699)
French writer who wrote austere tragedies on the personal conflicts and social relations of human life during the dominance of France in 17th century civilizaiton |
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Moliere
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(1622-1673)
French playwright who wrote comedies that ridiculed bumbling doctors, new-rich bourgeois, and foppish aristocrats, making the word "marquis" almost a joke in the French language |
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La Fontaine
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(1621-1695)
French writer who gave the world his animal fables |
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Descartes
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(1596-1650)
Great French mathematician and scientific thinker |
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Pascal
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(1623-1662)
French scientist who was also a profound spokesman for Christianity |
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Bayle
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(1647-1706)
Frenchman who was the father of modern skeptics |
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Colbert
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(1619-1683)
Minister to Louis XIV; worked for 20 years to make France economically powerful; went beyond Richelieu in the application of mercantilism, aiming to make France a self-sufficing economic unit, to expand the export of French goods, and to increase the wealth from which government income was drawn; not much that he could do for agriculture, the principle industry of the kingdom, which remained less developed than in England and Netherlands; managed to reduce internal tariffs in a large part of central France, where he set up a tariff union oddly entitled Five Great Farms, which was one of the largest free-trade areas in Europe, about the size of England; promulgated a Commercial Code for the convenience of business, replacing much of the local customary law with a new model of business practice and regulation; improved communications with roads and canals; working through guilds, required the handicraft manufacturers to produce goods of specified kind and quality; believing that foreigners, if assured of quality by the government, would purchase French goods; gave subsidies, tax exemptions, and monopolies to expand the manufacture of silks, tapestries, glassware, and woolens; helped to found colonies, built up navy, and established French East India Company |
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Mazarin
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(1602-1661)
Cardinal who had governed in Louis XIV's name while he was still a child; Fronde broke out against him; unpopular |
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Salons
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Unofficial gathering places for Parisian nobles, wealthy professional persons, and creative writers or artists; organized by upper-class women who invited people into their homes to discuss philosophy, literature, and art, all of which could be debated without the formal constraints and solemnity of the academies; attracted criticism and even ridicule from some people in the government and academies, partly because they were created by energetic women and partly because they flourished outside the official cultural institutions of the state; became an enduring, distinctive institution in French cultural life like the royal academies; welcomed distinguished foreign visitors, thus contributing to the spread of French ideas and social mores throughout Europe; Parisian-style eventually appeared in other European cities, along with French fashion, manners, and language; centers of intellectual life that emerged outside royal academies in Paris and developed rapidly in the second half of 17th century
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Classicism
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Favored or official aesthetic theory in the royal academies; theory that emphasized order, harmony, and the artistic achievements of antiquity
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Fronde
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Broke out immediately after Peace of Westphalia; abortive revolution against Cardinal Mazarin, led by the same elements, parlements and the nobility, which were to initiate the great French Revolution in 1789; parlements insisted on right to pronounce certain edicts unconstitutional; barricades were thrown up and street fighting broke out in Paris; nobility rebelled, as it had often in the past, and noblemen who had enough wealth and influence to believe that, if the king's power were contained, they might govern the country themselves, assumed leadership; nobility demanded a calling of Estates General, expecting control; armed bands of soldiers roamed about the country terrorizing the peasants; nobles called in Spanish (to others' discontent) troops while bourgeoisie and parlements had withdrawn from the rebellious nobles; total failure; bourgeoisie and aristocracy could not work together; nobles only aim at overthrow of Mazarin and obtaining offices and favors for themselves; provided additional incentive for the centralization of political power in France
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Parlements
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Dozen bodies that, unlike English Parliament, had developed as courts of law, each being the supreme court for a certain area of a country; upheld certain "fundamental laws" which they said the king could not overstep, and they often refused to enforce royal edicts that they declared to be unconstitutional
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Revocation of Edict of Nantes
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Taken away by Louis XIV in 1685 in an effort to create religious unity in Catholicism; led to the persecutions that caused hundreds of thousands of Protestants to leave France, migrating to Holland, Germany, and America; loss severe blow to French economic life; with this revocation, France embarked on a century of official intolerance (slowly mitigated in practice), under which Protestants in France were in much the same position as Catholics in the British Isles; edict had provided Protestants some security and a few rights
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Leopold I
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p.182
Holy Roman Emperor during the French wars with the Dutch and Habsburgs; succeeded in getting the Turkish army out of Austria in the east, which was supported by France; gathered Catholic powers against French against France in the west; member of League of Augsburg |
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Dutch War
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War in 1672 incited when Louis XIV struck in the Spanish Netherlands again after having failed because of the Triple Alliance of the Dutch, English, and Swedes previously; Louis XIV invaded Dutch provinces on the lower Rhine, and this time raising up against him his great adversary and inveterate enemy William III of Orange, bringing the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs, Brandenburg, and Denmark into alliance with the Dutch Republic; forced Louis XIV to sign the treaty of Nimwegen in 1678, making the French give up ambitions in Holland but giving them Frenche-Comte
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League of Augsburg
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League formed against French that consisted of the Holy Roman Emperor, the kings of Spain and of Sweden, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony, and the Palatinate, the Dutch Republic, and the Catholic and Protestant enemies of Louis XIV
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Franche-Comte
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Free County of Burgundy; French-speaking region lying between ducal Burgundy and Switzerland; outflanked Alsace on the south and brought French power to the borders of Switzerland; won by French
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Alsace and Lorraine
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Rich territories on the dissolving frontier of the Holy Roman Empire; invaded by Louis XIV as further invasions in to the empire; Alsace won by Louis XIV
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Elector of Brandenburg
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Forerunner of the kings of Prussia; ally to Louis XIV in 1681; later part of coalition against France in War of Spanish Succession
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Grand Coalition
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aka Grand Alliance; formed by William III; last of his coalitions formed in 1701 when William III gathered the stunned or hesitant diplomats; engine that was to crush Louis XIV even though William III died a year later; included England, Holland, and the Austrian emperor, supported by Brandenburg and eventually by Portugal and the Italian duchy of Savoy; alliance against France in the War of the Spanish Succession; in response to France's gains in the will of Charles II of Spain
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Peace of Utrecht
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Peace treaty made in 1713 for War of Spanish Succession; partitioned world of Spain; British remained at Gibraltar (in which they had moved during war) and annexed island of Minorca; Duke of Savoy eventually gained the former Spanish island of Sardinia in return for his contribution to Allied cause; rest of Spanish Mediterranean holdings--Milan, Naples, and Sicily--passed to the Austrian Habsburgs, as did the Spanish Netherlands (or Belgium), subsequently called Austrian Netherlands; Spain was shorn of its European possessions but retained America, and the grandson of Louis XIV (Philip V) was confirmed as king, with the understanding that the French and Spanish thrones should never be inherited by the same person; Bourbons reigned in Spain until 1931 and greatly influenced the Spanish
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Louis XIV
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King of France from 1643-1715; gained throne at age 5, assumed personal direction of affairs in 1661; first in modern history (only) to hold a powerful position for so long; acual and working head of French government; made France strongest country in Europe; used French money (bribes or inducements) to build u[p a pro-French interest in virtually every coutnry from England to Turkey; methods of ruling and foreign policy became model for toher rulers; aspect of French culture became standard for Europe; married sister of Charles II to help expand French control; wanted to push French borders toward the Rhine, annexing Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) and Free County of Burgundy, further dismembering HRE; wanted to obtain all of Spanish inheritance to make France supreme in Europe, Americas, and sea; amde allies aqmong dissidents in opposing countries and smaller/middle-sized powers; threatened to create a universal monarchy, against which other nations formed a balance of power; aka Louis the Great, Grand Monarque, Sun King
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William III of Orange
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(1672-1689)
Most tireless of Louis XIV's enemies in forming a balance of power against the French; Dutchman, prince of Orange; later years king of England and Scotland; did more than any other to checkmate Louis XIV |
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Charles II of Spain
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(1660-1685)
Inherited Spanish throne in 1665; unfortunate afflicted by many ills of mind and body, impotent, even imbecile, the pitiable product of generations of inbreeding in the Habsburg house; rule was irresolute and feeble; had no children, so Habsburg family would die out with him, putting the future of Spanish America, Spanish holdings in Italy, Spanish Netherlands and Spain in question; object of jealousy and assault; precipitated a new European war by death |
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Universal Monarchy
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A political situation in which one state might subordinate all others to its will; sought to be achieved by Louis XIV
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Balance of Power
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Technique used against universal monarchy; a system in which each state tends to throw its weight where it is most needed, so that its own importance may be enhanced; used to preserve the sovereignty and independence of teh states of Europe (liberties of Europe) against political aggressors; usually alliances with other weaker states, but shifted as needed; counterweight to ascending state; effective in 17th and 18th centuries
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