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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Robert Walpole
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(1676-1745) a British statesman who is regarded as being the first prime minister of Great Britain. he was a whig and served in the reigns of George I and George II. it is claimed that with the retirement of Lord Townshend, that he became the leader of the Cabinet. he reigned until the battle of Cartagena
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Privy Council
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is a body that advices the head of state of a nation concerning the exercise of executive authority in the context of a monarchic government. it is a private committee of the monarch's closest advisors to give confidential advice in affairs of state.
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Benjamin Franklin
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(1706-1790) he was a leading author and printer... he was a scientists and invented many things. he earned the title as "The First American" for colonial unity, as a writer and spokesman in London for several colonies. HE SPEARHEADED THE EFFORT TO HAVE PARLIAMENT REPEAL THE UNPOPULAR STAMP ACT
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New France
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it was the area colonized by France in North America. the territory was divided into five colonies: Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Louisiana. The Treaty of Utrecht resulted in relinquishing the claims of the territories Acadia, Hudson Bay and Newfoundland.
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Albany Plan
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it was proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany Congress in Albany New York. it was an attempt at forming a union among the colonies "UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT AS FAR AS MIGHT BE NECESSARY FOR DEFENSE AND OTHER GENERAL IMPORTANT PURPOSES" it called for the general government to be administered by President General appointed and supported by the Crown.
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French and Indian War
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War between Great Britain and France in North America(1754-1763) The British had many attempts to combat France but all were in vain. The British government fell and William Pitt came to power. The British military was successful and it captured Montreal. The outcome was one of the most significant significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict.
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Louis XIV (FRANCE)
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(1638-1715) "sun king" he continued in creating a centralized state governed from the capital.he wanted to eliminate feudalism. when he died he was succeeded by his 5 year old great grandson Louis XV (searched for national unity and increased WORLD POWER) HAD PROBLMES WITH THE ENGLISH
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Louis Jolliet
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(1645-1700) he was a French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America. he was one of the first Europeans to explore and map much of the Mississippi River.
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Father Jacques Marquette
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(1637-1675) he was a French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan's first European settlement. along with Louis Jolliet, he saw and mapped the northern part of the Mississippi River.
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Rene Robert Cavalier
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(1643-1687) he was a French explorer and explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi River basin from France.
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The Iroquois Confederacy
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an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America. The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations and it was composed by Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca Nations. THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY WAS THE DECENTRALIZED POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC ENTITY THAT EMERGED IN RESPONSE TO EUROPEAN COLONIZATION. THEY WANTED TO MAINTAIN THEIR INDEPENDENCE AND THEREFORE DID NOT WANT TO MAKE CLOSE RALATIONSHIPS WITH WITHER THE ENGLISH, BUTCH OR THE FRENCH.
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King William's War
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it refers to the North America theater of the War of the Grand Alliance (1688-1697) it was fought between England, France and American Indian allies. the treaty of Ryswick ended the war between the two colonial powers.
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Fort Necessity
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it was a battle that ocurred in 1754 in Pennsylvania. it was one of the first battles of the French and Indian war and the only surrender of George Washington. it contributed into making the Seven Year's War happen. (meadow) [Washington built a crude stockade (Fort Necessity) close to the French outpost: Fort Duquesne]. TENSIONS BETWEEN THE FRENCH AND THE ENGLISH
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William Pitt
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(1708-1778) as a British Whig satesman who achieved fame in leading during the Seven Year's War. he is known as the Elder to be distinguished from his son the Younger. He is also known as the Great Commoner because he refused for so long to accept the title. many cities are named after him. (William Pitt, the English secretary of state, began transforming the war effort in America by bringing it for the first time fully under British control.) ( Pitt agreed to reimburse the colonists for all the supplies requisitioned by the army, he returned control over military recruitment to the colonial assemblies, and dispatched large numbers of additional troops to America. )
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Treaty of Paris 1763
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it was signed by Great Britain, France, Spain with Portugal. it ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years War and it marked the beginning of a period of British dominance outside Europe. Austria and Prussia did not get involved and instead signed another Treaty of Hubertusburg. (It happened when George III took over the throne. Under its term, the French ceded to Great Britain some of their West Indian islands and most of their colonies in India. They also transferred Canada and all other French territory east of the Mississippi except New Orleans.)
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Proclamation of 1763
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(prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonial growth) it was issued by King George III after the end of the Seven Years War. the purpose was to organize Breat Britain's North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans trhough trade, settlement and land purchases.
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Sugar Act
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(increased tariff on sugar and attempted to harder enforce existing tariffs) it was passed by parliament in Great Britain. The British hoped that this tax ould actually be collected and it lead to the American Revolution. (was designed to eliminate the illegal sugar trade between the continental colonies and the French and Spanish West Indies.) It also established new vice-admiralty courts in America to try accused smugglers.
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Currency Act
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it is several acts of the Parliament in Great Britain that regulated paper money issued by the colonists in British America. it sought to protect British merchants and creditors from being paid in depreciated colonial currency. it created tensions between the colonies adn Great Britain. (required the colonial assemblies to stop issuing paper money and to retire on schedule all the paper money already in circulation.)
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Paxton Boys
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(They descended on Philadelphia with demands for relief from colonial (not British) taxes and for money to help them defend themselves against Indians.) they would murder Native Americans.
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Regulatory Movement
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it was a North Carolina uprising were citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. it was unsuccessful. it is been said that t was caused by the drastic increase in the population. (The Regulators were farmers of the Carolina upcountry who organized in opposition to the high taxes that local sheriffs collected. They armed themselves and began resisting tax collections by force. Governor William Tryon raised an army of militiamen (mostly east) who defeated a band of 2,000 Regulators in the Battle of Alamance. )
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Stamp Act
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a direct act imposed bu the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America. it required that many printed materials be produced on stamped paper in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp. THE PURPOSE WAS TO HELP PAY TROOPS STATIONED IN NORTH AMERICA AFTER THE BRITISH VICTORY IN THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR. (imposed a tax on most printed documents in the colonies: newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, licenses.) (Merchants and lawyers, tavern owners and printers)
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Virginia Resolves
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it was a series of resolutions passed by the Virginia General Assembly in response to the Stamp Act. it claimed that Virginia was subject to taxation ONLY BY A PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY to which Virginians themselves were elected to the Parliament. (PATRICK HENRY SAID that Americans possessed the same rights as the English, especially the right to be taxed only by their own representatives. He said that Virginians should pay no taxes except those voted by the Virginia assembly; and that anyone voted by the Virginia assembly and that anyone advocating the right to Parliament to tax Virginians should be deemed an enemy of the colony. All of them were printed and circulated as the “Virginia Resolves”)
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Sons of Liberty
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a political group made up of American Patriots. the group was designed to incite change in the British government's treatment of the Colonies in the years following the French and Indian War. they attacked symbols of the British authority. (Men belonging to the newly organized Sons of Liberty terrorized stamp agents and burned the stamps.)
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Mutiny Act
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it was an act passed yearly by Parliament for governing the British Army (It required the colonists to provide quarters and SUPPLIES FOR THE BRITISH TROOPS in America. The troops would lodge in the coastal cities in order to reduce the costs to England of supplying them. The colonists objected because this became mandatory and they saw it as a form of taxation without consent.)
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Townshend Act
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The first disbanded the New York Assembly until the colonists agreed to obey the Mutiny Act. The second levied new taxes (Townshend Duties) on various goods imported to the colonies from England. PURPOSE WAS TO RAISE REVENUE IN THE COLONIES TO PAY THE SALARIES OF GOVERNORS AND JUDGES SO THAT THEY WOULD BE INDEPENDENT OF COLONIAL CONTROL, TO CREATE A MORE EFFECTIVE MEANS OF ENFORCING COMPLIANCE WITH TRADE REGULATIONS, TO PUNISH THE PROVINCE IF NEW YORK FOR FAILING TO COMPLY WITH THE QUARTERING ACT AND TO ESTABLISH THE PRECEDENT THAT THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT HAD THE RIGHT TO TAX COLONIES.
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Navigation Act
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a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies.
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Boston Massacre
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It was a graphic symbol of British oppression and brutality. Paul Revere calculated the assault on a peaceful crowd. Samuel Adams argued that England had become a morass of sin and corruption only in America did public virtue survive. He proposed the creation of a “committee of correspondence” in Boston to publicize the grievances against England throughout he colony.
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Samuel Adams
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(1722-1803) he was one of the founding fathers of the United States. he was the leader of the American Revolution. HE WAS PART OF A MOVEMENT OPPOSED TO THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT'S EFFORTS TO TAX THE BRITISH AMERICAN COLONIES WITHOUT THEIR CONSENT. HE MADE THE CIRCULAR LATER THAT EVENTUALLY LED TO THE BOSTON MASSACRE. HE AND SOME COLLEAGUES DEVISED A COMMITTEE OF CORRESPONDENCE. LATER RESULTED IN THE BOSTON TEA PARTY.
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Loyalists (American Revolution)
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were American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain. (Tories or Royalists) during the American Revolution.
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Patriots
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supported those who wrote the Declaration of Independence determined to become a free nation. they thought the loyalists were wrong and traitors.
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Gaspee incident
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it was the burning of the Gaspee by the citizens of Rhode Island. a group of men led by John Brown set the ship on fire because the Gaspee was a British Royal Navy and was assigned to customs duty. (Colonists were so mad with the British that at one point, colonists seized a British revenue ship on the lower Delaware River. Angry residents of Rhode Island boarded the British schooner Gaspée, set it afire, and sank it in Narragansett Bay. The British response to this was that instead of putting the accused attackers on trial in colonial courts, the British sent a special commission to America with power to send the defendants back to England for trial.)
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Tea Act
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British East India Company (official monopoly on trade with the Far East) was on bankruptcy and was sitting on large stocks of tea that could not be sold in England. The government wanted to save the company and therefore passed the TEA ACT which gave the company the right to export its merchandise directly to the colonies without paying any of the navigation taxes that were imposed on the colonial merchants. SELLING TEA AT A REDUCED PRICE (But it was argued that it was another insidious example of the results of an unconstitutional tax. MANY COLONISTS RESPONDED BY BOYCOTTING TEA)
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Daughters of Liberty
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Women participated in anti-British riots and crowd activities and had formed an informal organization called the DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY that mocked their male counterparts as insufficiently militant. They said “that rather than Freedom, we’ll part with our Tea.” THEY MADE HOMESPUN CLOTH AND OTHER GOODS.
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Boston tea Party
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it was a direct action by colonists in Boston against the British government. After officials refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into the Boston Harbor.
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Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
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describes a series of five laws passed by the British Parliament relating to Britain;s colonies in North America. it triggered outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies. (Its purpose was to provide a civil government for the French-speaking Roman Catholic inhabitants of Canada and the Illinois country.) (They decided for it to be applied only against Massachusetts which was the center of resistance. Parliament closed the port of Boston in 4 acts and it reduced colonial self-government. It permitted royal officers to be tried in other colonies or in England when accused of crimes, and provided for the quartering of troops in the colonists’ barns and empty houses.)
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First Continental Congress
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all thirteen colonies except for Georgia attended to a convention of delegates. The Congress met briefly to consider options, including an economic boycott of British trade. 5 decisions were made. (Virginia rumpled a session met in the Raleigh Tavern at Williamsburg, declared that the Intolerable Acts menaced the liberties of every colony, and issued a call for the Continental Congress)
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John Adams
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(1735-1826) he was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. he played a role in persuading Congress to declare independence.
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Battle of Lexington and Concord
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When General Gage received orders from England to arrest the rebel leaders Sam Adams and John Hancock who had been known to be in the vicinity of Lexington, he hesitated but when he heard that the minutemen had stored a large supply of gunpowder in Concord 18 miles from Boston) he al last decided to act. On April 18, 1775 he sent about 1,000 soldiers out from Boston on the road to Lexington and Concord. He wanted to surprise the colonials and seize the illegal supplies without bloodshed. Patriots in Boston were and during the night two horsemen, William Dawes and Paul Revere rode out to warn the villages and farms. When the British arrived the next day, several dozen men awaited them on the town common. Eight minutemen were killed and ten were wounded. The British advanced to Concord and discovered that the Americans had removed most of the powder but still decided to burn what was left. On the way back from Concord to Boston, Americans harassed British men by hiding behind rocks, tress and stone fences and shooting them with gunpowder. The British had lost almost three times as many men as the Americans.
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General Thomas Gage
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he commanded the British garrison and he ordered 1,000 soldiers to go to Lexington and Concord for the hidden gunpowder.
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Paul Revere
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(1735-1818)he took part in warning the villagers about the British plans in Lexington and Concord. he was a silversmith and patriot.
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John Dickinson Letters to a farmer
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it was a series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickinson and published under the name "A Farmer." it was twelve letters and were widely read and reprinted and were important IN UNITING THE COLONISTS AGAINST THE TOWNSHEND ACTS. HE SAID THAT RATHER THAN REGULATING TRADE HE WANTED TO RAISE REVENUE.
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The Massachusetts Circular
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SAMUEL ADAMS issued the circular letter of his own from London in which he warned that assemblies endorsing the Massachusetts letter would be dissolved. The votes were 92 to 17 and colonies including Pennsylvania, promptly rallied to the support of Massachusetts.
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Quartering Act
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SAME AS MUTINY ACT (It required the colonists to provide quarters and supplies for the British troops in America. The troops would lodge in the coastal cities in order to reduce the costs to England of supplying them. The colonists objected because this became mandatory and they saw it as a form of taxation without consent.)
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Paltry Wages
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insignificant wages. lacking, worthless)
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Missionary Zeal
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a certain person sent to a certain place to help people to convert and believe in their religion/faith. missionary zeal drew large numbers of French Jesuits
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Sige of Quebec
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it was a batle fought between American Continental Army forces and the British defenders of the city of Quebec. it was the first major defeat for the Americans. Montogmery, Arnold and Morgan suffered a defeat.
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Greenville Ministry
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George Greenville in his ministry (agreed with the prevailing opinion within Britain that the colonists had been too long indulged and that they should be compelled to obey the laws and to pay a part of the cost of defending and administering the empire. He promptly began trying to impose a new system of control upon what had been a loose collection of colonial possessions in America.)
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The Tory's
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Tories were supporters of independence. On the other hand, loyalists supported their king.
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