Chapter 4 - Descriptive Decision Making

Front 1

Ethical decision

Back 1

Morris (2004) - situation is moral in nature

Ethical decision:
1. Significant effect on others
2. Characterized by choice
3. Perceived ethically relevant

Front 2

Ethical decision-making model

Back 2

1. Recognition moral issu
2. Morally judging issue
3. Establish intention to act upon judgement
4. Act upon intention (behave)

Recognize -> judge -> intent -> behave

Limitations:
- Stages interdependent
- Too simple
- From US

Difference worldwide
- US: individual / choice within constraints
- EU: situational / constraints itself

Front 3

Influences ethical dicision making
(Ford & Richardson, 1994)

Back 3

1. Individual factors
- unique characteristics person
- nature (age & gender)
- nurture (experience, socialization, education, personality, attitudes)

2. Situational factors
- Contextual
- Work context (reward, roles, culture)
- Elements issue itself (intensity moral issue)

Front 4

Individual Factors

Back 4

1. Gender & Age
- not conclusive evidence
2. National & cultural characteristics
- Geert Hofstede
- significant effect
3. Education & employment
- business students
4. Personal values

- enduring belief, end-state, specific mode conduct
5. Personal integrity
- adherence consistent set principles/values
6. Moral imagination
- Creativity
- ability to imagine a wide range of possible issues, consequences and solutions
7. Locus of control
- apportioning / approbation of blame

- Internal locus = control own life
- External locus = others, luck, fate control
8. Psychological factors = CDM

Front 5

Cognitive Moral Development

Back 5

Different levels reasoning in ethical issues & problems

Lawrance Kohlberg (1927 - 1987)

3 levels
1. preconventional
- Self-interest
- External rewards
- Punishment

2. Conventional (most people)
- Others expect you to behave
- Peers & larger social group
- Interpersonal & social accord

3. Postconventional
- own decision-making based on justice and rights rather than external influences
- social contract
- Universal ethical principle

Defining Issues Test
- 6 dilemma's
- Likert scale
- Judge/measurement moral development

Front 6

Situational Factors

Back 6

1. Moral intensity
- Magnitude consequences (sum harm/benefit)
- Social consensus (agreement ethics)
- Probability effect (likelihood h/b happen)
- Temporal immediacy (how quick occur)
- Proximity (nearness to those impacted)
- Concentration of effect (heavy on few or many)

2. Moral Framing
- Moral mutiness = not use moral terms
- Harmony , efficiency, image of power & effectiveness
- Amoralization = manger distance themselves + project being ethical,instead build picture of corporate rationality + justifications of corporate self-interest

Work Environment
1. Rewards (ethical behaviour)
- Influence ethical behaviour
- What is right is what guy above you think is right

2. Authority
- Do what you (think) told to do
- Immediate superiors + top management
- Significant influence

3. Work roles (no evidence)
- what to value/how to relate/how to behave

4. Organization norms & culture
- Group norms / acceptable standard behaviour

- strong influence (discussion how much)

5.National and cultural context

- Nation where it takes place
- Different cultures -> different views