Chapter 4 (Central Nervous System)

Front 1

The central nervoussystem (CNS)

Back 1

Comprised of the brain and the spinal cord

Front 2

Types of Neurons

Back 2

Sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons

Front 3

What type of neuron is a sensory neuron?

Back 3

Afferent

Front 4

What type of neuron is a motor neuron?

Back 4

Efferent

Front 5

What type of neuron is a interneuron?

Back 5

Connecting

Front 6

Sensory neurons

Back 6

Carrysomatosensory info from receptors PNS to CNS

Front 7

Motor neurons

Back 7

Carry motor info from CNS to PNS

Front 8

Interneurons

Back 8

Relaymessages from sensory neurons to motor neurons (CNS)

Front 9

Neural transmission

Back 9

How neurons transit information

Front 10

Types of neural transmission

Back 10

Within neuron transmission and between neuron transmission

Front 11

Within neuron transmission

Back 11

Electrochemical energy that moves in one direction only andis based on an ‘all or nothing’ principle

Front 12

Between neuron transmission

Back 12

Chemicalenergy and neurotransmitters release their contents into the synapticgap, where it sails to another neuron

Front 13

The spinal cord

Back 13

Acolumn of nerve fibres extending from the brain stem to the lower back that isprotected by vertebrae

Front 14

Function of the spinal cord

Back 14

- Receivessensory info from the body and transmits it to the brain

- Receives motor info from the brain and relays itto the body to control movement

Front 15

The brain

Back 15

Consideredto be the master organ, regulates everything to do with your body

Front 16

The cerebral cortex

Back 16

Involvedin information processing (perception, language, memory) + voluntary movement

Front 17

Size of the cerebral cortex is linked to

Back 17

Intellectualfunctioning

Front 18

Broad categories of the areas of the cerebralcortex

Back 18

Sensory cortex areas, motor cortex areas and association areas

Front 19

Sensory cortex areas

Back 19

Receive+ process info form different senses

Front 20

Motor cortex areas

Back 20

Receives,processes + sends info about voluntary movement

Front 21

Association areas

Back 21

receiveand combine info from sensory and motor areas to undertake more complexcognitive processes

Front 22

Cerebral hemispheres

Back 22

twoalmost symmetrical halves of the cerebral cortex that are separated by a deepgrove or longitudinal fissure

Front 23

Hemispheric specialisation

Back 23

Each hemisphere has specialised functions or exerts greatercontrol over a particular function

Front 24

Left hemisphere

Back 24

Verbaland analytical functions

Front 25

Right hemisphere

Back 25

Non-verbalfunctions

Front 26

Which hemisphere: Analytical functioning

Back 26

Left

Front 27

Which hemisphere: Mathematical skills

Back 27

Left

Front 28

Which hemisphere: Abstract concepts

Back 28

Right

Front 29

Which hemisphere: Spatial and visual thinking

Back 29

Right

Front 30

Which hemisphere: Attention to detail

Back 30

Left

Front 31

Which hemisphere: Language or verbal tasks

Back 31

Left

Front 32

Which hemisphere: Serial behaviours and events (talking in turn, reading, writing)

Back 32

Left

Front 33

Which hemisphere: Sensory info and voluntary movement from the right side of the body

Back 33

Left

Front 34

Which hemisphere: Thinking globally (understanding the meaning of a story)

Back 34

Right

Front 35

Which hemisphere: Creativity

Back 35

Right

Front 36

Which hemisphere: Music and art appreciation

Back 36

Right

Front 37

Which hemisphere: Give meaning to information

Back 37

Right

Front 38

Which hemisphere: Recognize and express emotions

Back 38

Right

Front 39

Which hemisphere: Sensory info and voluntary movement from the left side of the body

Back 39

Right

Front 40

Corpus callosum

Back 40

aband of nerve tissues that acts as the main communication pathway between theleft and right cerebral hemispheres

Front 41

The four cortical lobes

Back 41

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

Front 42

Frontal lobe location and size

Back 42

Largestlobe located in the upper forward half, behind the forehead

Front 43

Frontal lobe functions (7)

Back 43

- Executive role in thinking, feeling and behaving

- Motor control of voluntary movement

- Complex mental functions

- Personality

- Language production (left hemisphere)

- Control of emotions

- Expression of emotional behaviour

Front 44

Primary motor cortex location

Back 44

Atthe rear of each frontal lobe, divided by a longitudinal fissure

Front 45

Primary motor cortex function

Back 45

Controllingvoluntary bodily movement throughout skeletal muscles

Front 46

The amount of primary motor cortex devoted tospecific body parts corresponds to

Back 46

the complexity or ’fineness’ of the movements (fine movingparts get more cortex)

Front 47

Broca’s area location

Back 47

Inthe left frontal lobe next to the motor cortex

Front 48

Broca's area functions (3)

Back 48

- Production of clear and fluent speech

- Coordination of movement of the muscles required for speech

- Linked areas involved with the meaning of words and sentence structure

Front 49

Frontal lobe association area

Back 49

Receiveand integrates info from other lobes and enables us to perform complex planningusing initiative

Front 50

Parietal lobe location

Back 50

Behindthe frontal lobe, on top of the occipital lobe

Front 51

Parietal lobe function

Back 51

Receivesprocesses somatosensory info (sensory info front the body)

Front 52

Primary somatosensory cortexlocation

Back 52

Atthe front of each parietal lobe, behind motor cortex

Front 53

Primary somatosensory cortexfunction

Back 53

Receivesand processes somatosensory info from the skin and body, enabling us toperceive bodily sensation

Front 54

The amount of somatosensory cortex devoted tospecific body parts corresponds to

Back 54

thesensitivity of that area (more sensory receptors means more cortex)

Front 55

Parietal lobe association area

Back 55

Receives and integrates info from within the parietal lobeand other areas of the brain

Front 56

Occipital lobe location

Back 56

Nearthe rear of each hemisphere

Front 57

Occipital lobe function

Back 57

Vision/perception of visual stimuli

Front 58

Primary visual cortex location

Back 58

Atthe base of each occipital lobe

Front 59

Primary visual cortex function

Back 59

Receivesand processes visual info from both the eyes

Front 60

Occipital lobe association areas

Back 60

Interactwith the other hemisphere’s primary visual cortex to select, organise andintegrate visual info

Front 61

Temporal lobe location

Back 61

Centralarea of the brain, above each ear

Front 62

Temporal lobe functions (3)

Back 62

- Auditory perception

- Memory

- Emotional responses to memories

Front 63

Primary auditory cortex location

Back 63

Towardsthe top of each temporal lobe

Front 64

Primary auditory cortex function

Back 64

Receivesand processes sounds from both ears

Front 65

Wernicke’s area location

Back 65

Inthe temporal lobe in the left hemisphere

Front 66

Wernicke’s area function

Back 66

Speechcomprehension, interpreting sounds of human speech

Front 67

Temporal lobe association area

Back 67

Involvedin memory, linking emotions with memory an determining appropriate emotionalresponses to sensory info and memories

Front 68

Three studies on memory

Back 68

- Aphasias

- Spatial neglect

- Split brain surgery

Front 69

Aphasias

Back 69

A language disorder apparent in speech, writing or reading produces by injury tothe brain areas specialised in these functions

Front 70

Spatial neglect

Back 70

Anattentional disorder in which individuals fail to notice anything on one sideof their world, more commonly the left side

Front 71

Split brain study

Back 71

Flashinga word or picture to one visual field then asking participants toname/draw/point to the object (to see how each hemisphere works in a normalbrain)

Front 72

Categories of Aphasias

Back 72

- Fluent

- Nonfluent

- Pure

Front 73

Fluent aphasias

Back 73

- Fluent speech with difficulties in eitherauditory verbal comprehension or repetition of words (Wernicke's)

Front 74

Nonfluent aphasias

Back 74

Difficultiesin articulating but auditory verbal comprehension is good(Broca's)

Front 75

Broca's Aphasia

Back 75

Aperson has difficulty speaking, although they continue to understand speech

Front 76

Wernicke's Aphasia

Back 76

Aperson has difficulty comprehending speech and speaking in a meaningful way

Front 77

Cause of Wernickes and Broca's Aphasia

Back 77

Stroke leading to damage to either area

Front 78

Symptoms of Broca's Aphasia

Back 78

Verydeliberate speech consisting of few words

Front 79

Symptoms of Wernicke's Aphasia

Back 79

Nonsensesentences

Front 80

Do people with Wernicke's Aphasia understand speech?

Back 80

No

Front 81

Do people with Broca's Aphasia understand speech?

Back 81

Yes

Front 82

Are people with Broca's Aphasia aware of it?

Back 82

Yes

Front 83

Are people with Wernicke's Aphasia aware of it?

Back 83

No

Front 84

Spatial neglect prominent lobe

Back 84

parietal (major role in attention, content of consciousnessand spatial perception)

Front 85

Split brain surgery

Back 85

surgicallycutting the corpus callosum, thereby disconnecting the two hemispheres tocontrol epileptic seizures