Chapter 4 Ap Wh

Front 1

Cyrus the great

Back 1

Established massive Persian empire by 550 BCE, successor state to mesopotamian empires

Front 2

Zoroastrianism

Back 2

Animists religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil, stressed the importance of moral choice, righteous lived on after death in " house of song", chief religion of Persian empire

Front 3

Pericles

Back 3

Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE , guided development of Athenian empire, died during early stages of Peloponnesian war

Front 4

Peloponnesian wars

Back 4

Wars from 432 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece, resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece.

Front 5

ruled Macedonian from 359 to 336 BCE founder of centralized kingdom later conquered rest Greece which was subjected to Macedonian authority

Back 5

Phillip 2

Front 6

Hellenistic period

Back 6

The culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms

Front 7

Alexandria

Back 7

One of many cities of that name founded by Alexander the great, site of ancient Mediterraneans greatest library, center of literary study

Front 8

Roman republic

Back 8

The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 BCE, featured an aristocratic senate a panel of of magistrates and several popular assemblies

Front 9

Punic wars

Back 9

Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean, won by Rome after three desperate conflicts.

Front 10

Julius ceaser

Back 10

Roman general. Took a big part in the roman republic and the rise of the roman empire

Front 11

Augustus ceaser

Back 11

Name given to Octavian following his defeat of mark Anthony and Cleopatra, first emperor of Rome

Front 12

Constantine

Back 12

Roman empire from 312 to 337 CE, established second capital at Constantinople , attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually

Front 13

Polis

Back 13

City-state form of government, typical of Greek political organization from 800t to 400 BCE

Front 14

Tyrant

Back 14

Cruel and oppressive ruler

Front 15

Direct democracy

Back 15

Literally rule of the people , as interrupted in Athens, all decisions emanated from popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives

Front 16

Senate

Back 16

Assembly of roman aristocrats, advised on policy within the republic, one of the early elements of the Roman constitution

Front 17

Consuls

Back 17

Two chief executives or magistrates of the roman republic, elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy

Front 18

Aristotle

Back 18

Greek philosopher , teacher of Alexander the great, knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world

Front 19

Socrates

Back 19

Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE, tutor of Plato, urged rational reflection of moral decisions, condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian younger.