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212 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell
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the basic unit of all living things.
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Protoplasm
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a colorless jellylike substance in which food elements are present.
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Nucleus
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dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell.
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Cytoplasm
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all the protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus.
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Cell Membrane
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encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.
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Mitosis
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cells reproduce by dividing into two identical cells called daughter cells.
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Metabolism
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chemical process that takes place in living organisms. *cells are nourished and carry out their activities*
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Anabolism
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constructive metabolism process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
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Catabolism
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the phase of metabolism in which complex compounds within the cells are broken down into smaller ones.
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Tissue
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a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.
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Connective Tissue
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supports, protects and binds together other tissues of the body.
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Epithelial Tissue
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a protective covering on body surfaces.
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Liquid Tissue
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carries food, waste products, and hormones through the body.
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Muscular Tissue
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contracts and moves the various parts of the body.
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Nerve Tissue
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carries messeges to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.
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Organs
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groups of tissues designed to perform a specific function.
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Brain
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controls the body.
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Eyes
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control vision.
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Heart
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circulates the blood.
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Kidneys
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excrete water and waste product.
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Lungs
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supply oxygen to the blood.
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Liver
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removes toxic products of digestion.
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Skin
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forms external protective covering of the body.
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Somach & Intestines
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digest food.
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Systems
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groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions.
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Skeletal System
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the physical foundation of the body.
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Joint
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the connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.
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Cranium
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an oval bony case that protects the brain.
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Occipital Bone
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hindmost bone of the skull; forms the back of the skull and above the nape.
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Parietal Bones
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form the sides and crown(top) of the cranium.
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Frontal Bone
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forms the forehead.
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Temporal Bones
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forms the sides of the head in the ear region.
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Ethmoid Bone
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light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities.
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Sphenoid Bone
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joins all the bones of the cranium together.
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Nasal Bones
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forms the bridge of the nose.
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Lacrimal Bones
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small, thin bones that comrise the eye sockets.
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Zygomatic or Malar Bones
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form the prominence of the cheeks.
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Maxillae
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bones of the upper jaw.
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Mandible
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forms the lower jawbone; the largest and strongest bone of the face.
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Vomer
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flat thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.
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Palatine Bones
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form the hard palate of the mouth.
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Inferior Concha
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bones which make up the side walls of the nasal cavity.
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Hyoid Bone
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"Adam's Apple" U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles.
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Cervical Vertebrae
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the seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region.
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Thorax
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or chest; an elastic, bony cage made up of the sternum, spine, 12 pairs of ribs, and connective cartilage.
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Sternum
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breastbone
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Clavicle
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collarbone
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Scapula
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shoulder blade
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Humerus
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the uppermost and largest bone of the arm; extending from the elbo to the shoulder.
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Ulna
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the inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.
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Radius
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the smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb.
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Carpus
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the wrist, a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones.
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Phalanges
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the bones in the fingers.
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Metacarpus
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the palm, consisting of five long slender bones called metacarpal bones.
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Muscular system
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covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton tissue.
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Striated Muscles (skeletal or voluntary muscles)
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also called skeletal or voluntary muscles; attached to the bones and are controlled by the will.
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Nonstriated Muscles (involuntary, visceral, or smooth muscles)
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also called involuntary, visceral, or smooth muscles; function automatically, without conscious will.
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Cardiac Muscle
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the involuntary muscle that makes up the heart.
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Origin
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the part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of the skeletal muscle.
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Insertion
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the part of the muscle at the more movable attachment to the skeleton.
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Belly
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the middle part of the muscle.
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Epicranius or Occipito-frontalis
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broad muscle that covers the top of the skull.
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Occipitalis
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back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward.
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Frontalis
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anterior portion of the eppiicranius; muscle of the scalp that raised the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.
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Aponeurosis
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tendon that connects the occipitalis and the frontalis.
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Auricularis Superior
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muscle above the ear that draws the ear upward.
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Auricularis Anterior
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muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward.
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Auricularis posterior
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muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward.
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Masseter & Temporalis
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muscles that coordinate in opening and closing the mouth and are sometimes referred to as the 'chewing muscles'.
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Platysma
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broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip.
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Sternocleidomastoideus
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muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head.
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Corrugator Muscle
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muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbiclaris oculi that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.
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Orbicularis Oculi
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ring muscle of the eye socket; closes the eye.
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Procerus
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covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.
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Buccinator
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thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.
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Depressor Labii Inferioris
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also known as quadratus labii inferioris, a muscle surrounding the lower lip that depresses the lower lip and draws it to one side.
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Levator Anguli Oris
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also know as caninus, a muscle that raised the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.
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Levator Labii Superioris
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also know as auadratus labii superioris, a muscle surrounding the upper lip that elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils.
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Mentalis
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muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin.
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Orbicularis Oris
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flad band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips.
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Risorius
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muscle that draws the corner of the mouth out and back, as in grinning.
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Triangularis
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muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth.
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Zygomaticus Major & Minor
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muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth that elevate the lip, as in laughing.
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Latissimus Dorsi
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broad, flat muscle covering the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back, controlling the shoulder blade and the swinging movements of the arm.
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Pectoralis Major & Minor
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muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.
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Serratus Anterior
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muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm.
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Trapezius
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muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back; rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm.
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Biceps
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muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; they lift the forearm, flex the elbow, and turn the palms outward.
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Deltoid
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large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.
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Triceps
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large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm.
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Extensors
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muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line.
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Flexors
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extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in bending the wrist.
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Pronators
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muscles that turn the radius inward so that the palm faces downward.
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Supinator
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muscle that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward.
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Nervous System
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responsible for coordinating all the many activities that are performed both inside and outside of the body.
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Central Nervous or Cerebrospinal System
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consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. It controls consiousness and all mental activities, voluntary funtions of the five senses, and voluntary muscle actions.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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system of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves.
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Autonomic Nervous System
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the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart.
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Brain
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largest and most complex neve in the body; it controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity, and the power to think and feel.
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Spinal Cord
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portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by the spinal column.
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Neuron or Nerve Cell
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primary structual unit of the nervous system; consist of the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, and axons.
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Dendrites
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nerve fibers extending from the nerve cell that recieve impulses from other neurons.
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Axons
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send impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, or muscles.
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Nerves
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whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.
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Sensory or Afferent Nerves
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carry impulses or messeges from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced.
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Motor or Efferent Nerves
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carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.
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Reflex
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automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the afferent nerve to the spinal cord, and a responsive impulse along an efferent neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction.
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Fifth Cranial Nerve (trifacial or trigeminal nerve)
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chief sensory nerve of the face, and serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing.
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Ophthalmic Nerve
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branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage.
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Mandibular Nerve
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branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the muscles and skin of the lower part of the face; also, nerve that affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip.
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Maxillary Nerve
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Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper part of the face.
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Auriculotemporal Nerve
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affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.
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Infraorbital Nerve
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affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth.
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Infratrochlear Nerve
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affects the membrane and skin of the nose.
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Spinal Cord
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portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by the spinal column.
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Neuron or Nerve Cell
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primary structual unit of the nervous system; consist of the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, and axons.
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Dendrites
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nerve fibers extending from the nerve cell that recieve impulses from other neurons.
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Axons
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send impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, or muscles.
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Nerves
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whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.
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Sensory or Afferent Nerves
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carry impulses or messeges from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced.
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Motor or Efferent Nerves
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carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.
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Reflex
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automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the afferent nerve to the spinal cord, and a responsive impulse along an efferent neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction.
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Fifth Cranial Nerve (trifacial or trigeminal nerve)
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chief sensory nerve of the face, and serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing.
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Ophthalmic Nerve
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branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage.
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Mandibular Nerve
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branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the muscles and skin of the lower part of the face; also, nerve that affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip.
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Maxillary Nerve
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Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper part of the face.
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Auriculotemporal Nerve
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affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.
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Infraorbital Nerve
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affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth.
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Infratrochlear Nerve
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affects the membrane and skin of the nose.
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Mental Nerve
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affects the skin of the lower lip and chin.
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Nasal Nerve
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affects the point and lower side of the nose.
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Supraorbital Nerve
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affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and upper eyelid.
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Supratrochlear Nerve
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affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the nose.
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Zygomatic Nerve
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affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek.
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Seventh Cranial Nerve
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chief motor nerve of the face, emerging near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck.
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Eleventh Cranial (accessory) Nerve
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spinal branch, affects the muscles of the neck and back.
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Buccal Nerve
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affects the muscles of the mouth.
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Cervical Nerves
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affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.
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Mandibular Nerve
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affects the muschles of the chin and lower lip.
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Posterior Auricular Nerve
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affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull.
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Temporal Nerve
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affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek.
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Zygomatic Nerve
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affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek.
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Cervical Nerves
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originate at the spinal cord, and their branchs supply the muscles of the scalp at the bck of the head and neck.
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Cervical Cutaneous Nerve
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located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.
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Greater Auricular Nerve
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located at the side of the neck, affects the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland.
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Greater Occipital Nerve
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located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head.
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Smaller Occipital Nerve
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located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear.
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Digital Nerve
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sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the fingers.
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Radial Nerve
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sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand.
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Median Nerve
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smaller sensory-motor than the ulnar and radial nerves that, with its branches, supplies the arm and hand.
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Ulnar Nerve
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sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.
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Circulatory System
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controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.
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Blood Vascular System
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consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body.
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Lymph Vascular System
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acts as an aid to the blood system and consists of the lymph.lymphatics, lymph nodes, and other structures.
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Lymph
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clear yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymphatics of the body; it carries waste and impurities away from the cells.
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Heart
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the body's pump; it is a muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.
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Pericardium
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double-layered membranous sac enclosing the heart.
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Right & Left Atrium
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upper, thin-walled chambers.
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Right & Left Ventricles
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lower, thick-walled chambers.
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Valves
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structure betwwn the chambers that allow the blood to flow in only one direction.
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Pulmonary Circulation
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sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified.
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Systemic or General Circulation
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carries the blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart.
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Arteries
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thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries.
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Capillaries
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minute thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins.
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Veins
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thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; they contain cup-like valves to prevent backflow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and lungs.
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Blood
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a nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues, and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.
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Red Blood Cells (red corpusles)
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erythocytes; blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs.
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Hemoglobin
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a complex iron protein that gives the blood its bright red color.
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White Blood Cells (white corpusles)
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leukocytes; blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing germs.
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Platelets
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thrombocytes; blood cells that contribute to the blood-clotting process.
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Plasma
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fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells.
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Lymph Nodes
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glandlike bodies in the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph; this helps fight infection.
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Common Carotid Arteries
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ateries that are the main source of blood supply to the head, face, and neck; located on either side of the neck.
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Internal Carotid Artery
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supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear.
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External Carotid Artery
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supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck, and side of the head.
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Facial Artery or External Maxillary Artery
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supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, and nose.
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Submental Artery
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supplies blood to the chin and lower lip.
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Inferior Labial Artery
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supplies blood to the lower lip.
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Angular Artery
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supplies blood to the side of the nose.
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Superior Labial Artery
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supplies blood to the upper lip and region of the nose.
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Superficial Temporal Artery
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continuation of the external carotid artery and supplies blood to the muscles of the front, side, and top of the head.
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Frontal Artery
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supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids.
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Parietal Artery
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supplies blood to the side and crown of the head.
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Transverse Facial Artery
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supplies blood to the skin and masseter.
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Middle Temporal Artery
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supplies blood to the temples.
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Anterior Auricular Artery
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supplies blood to the front part of the ear.
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Occipital Artery
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supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head up to the crown.
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Posterior Auricular Artery
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supplies the scalp, the area behind and above the ear, and the skin behind the ear.
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Supraorbital Artery
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supplies blood to the upper eyelid and forehead.
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Infraorbital Artery
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supplies blood to the muscles of the eye.
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Internal Jugular Vein
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vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck.
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External Jugular Vein
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vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck.
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Ulnar Artery
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with its branches, supply the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.
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Radial Artery
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with its branches, supply the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand.
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Endocrine System
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group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.
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Glands
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specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds.
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Exocrine Glands (duct glands)
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produce substance that travels through small tube-like ducts; sweat and oil glands.
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Endocrine Glands (ductless glands)
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release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream.
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Hormones
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stimulate funtional activity or secretion in other parts of the body; insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen.
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Digestive system (gastrointestinal system)
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changes food into nutrients and waste.
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Digestive Enzymes
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chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body.
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Excretory System
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purifies the body by eliminating waste matter.
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Kidneys
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excrete urine.
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Liver
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discharges bile.
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Skin
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eliminates perspiration.
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Large Intestine
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eliminates decomposed and undigested food.
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Lungs
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exhale carbon dioxide.
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Respiratory System
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enables breathing and consists of the lungs and air passages.
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Lungs
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spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one breathing cycle.
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Diaphragm
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muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing.
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Integumentary System
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made up of the skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat flands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails.
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Reproductive System
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body system responsible for reproducing and perpetuating the human race.
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