Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Slave labor |
as the 17th century war on, the crude encampments of the first colony solely gave ways to permanent settlements. Durable and distinctive ways of life emerge, as europeans, africans, and native Americans adapted to the state of new world. Even puritanism softens someone. And even though all the colonies remain tied to england, and all stiched tightly into the fabric of the Atlantic economy, regional differences continue to crystallize, notably the increasing importance of _____ to the southern way of life. |
|
|
Nasty, brutish, and short for the earliest Chesapeake settlers. Malaria, dysentery, and typhoid took a cruel toll, cutting 10 years off the life expectancy of newcomers from england. Half of people born in early Virginia Maryland did not survive the celebrate the 20th birthdays. The other half died in their 40s or 50s. |
Describe life in the American wilderness |
|
|
Women |
Disease ravaged settlements of Chesapeake grew only slowly in the 17th century. Most of the growth came from immigration from england. Since a majority of immigrants were single men in their late teens in early 20s, the males competed for the affection of the extremely scarce _______. |
|
|
The native born inhabitants eventually acquired immunity to the killer diseases that once ravaged the original immigrants. The presence of more women allowed more families to form. By the end of the 17th century the white population of Chesapeake was growing on the basis of its own birth rate. |
Did the Chesapeake colonies eventually populate |
|
|
Chesapeake was immensely hospitable to tobacco cultivation. Profit hungry settlers often planted tobacco to sell before they planted corn to eat. But intense tobacco cultivation quickly exhausted the soil, creating a nearly insatiable demand for Virgin land. Relentlessly seeking fresh fields to plant tobacco, commercial growers plunged ever further up the river valleys, provoking ever more Indian attacks. |
Explain how the settlers in Chesapeake eventually provoked more Indian attacks |
|
|
By planting still more acres to tobacco and bringing still more product to the market |
Ships hold some 1.5 million pounds of tobacco out of Chesapeake Bay by the 1630s, and almost 40 million pounds a year by the end of the century. This enormous production depressed prices, but colonial Chesapeake tobacco girls responded to following prices in the familiar way of farmers, by doing what? |
|
|
More tobacco more labor, but where was it to come from? Family's procreated too slowly to provide it by natural population increase. Indians died too quickly on contact with whites to be a reliable labor force. African slaves cost too much money. But England still had a surplus of displaced farmers, desperate for employment. Many of them, as indentured servants, voluntarily mortgaged the sweat of their bodies for several years to Chesapeake masters. In exchange they received transatlantic passage and eventual freedom dues, including barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and perhaps a small parcel of land. |
Explain why indentured servants became the primary labor force when Chesapeake grew more tobacco |
|
|
Headright system |
Employed by both Virginia and maryland. Was used to encourage the importation of servant workers. Unders it's terms, whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres of land. Masters, not the servants themselves, reaped the benefits of land ownership from this system. |
|
|
Indentured servants |
100,000 of them were brought to the Chesapeake region by 1700. These white slaves represented more than three quarters of All European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century. |
|
|
They became resistant to including land grants in freedom dues for their indentured servants |
As prime land became scarcer, what did Masters become increasingly resistant to? |
|
|
They might be punished with an extended term of service |
What would happen to an indentured servant who misbehaved? |
|
|
Hire themselves out for pitifully low wages to their former Masters |
Even after formal freedom was granted, penniles freed workers often had little choice but to....? |
|
|
Discontent men were frustrated by their broken hopes of acquiring land, as well as their failure to find single woman to marry. Virginia's governor, William berkeley, was miserable because he had to govern these people. Q |
What happened to Chesapeake as more indentured servants were freed and were still impoverished? |
|
|
The Virginians were led by Nathaniel Bacon, a planter. Many of the rebels were frontiersmen who had been forced into the untamed Backcountry in search of arable land. They fiercely resented Berkeley's friendly policies towards the Indians, who's thriving fur trade the governor monopolized. When Berkeley refused to retaliate for a series of savage Indian attacks on frontier settlements, bacon and his followers took matters into their own hands. They fell murderously upon the indians, friendly and hostile alike, Chase Berkeley from jamestown, and put the torch to the capital. Chaos of the colony, as frustrated Freeman and resentful servants went on a rampage plundering and pilfering. |
Explain why about a thousand Virginians broke out of control in 1676 |
|
|
Bacon suddenly died disease. Berkeley therapon crush the uprising with brutal cruelty, hanging more than 20 rebels. Tensions remained. Back in England Charles II complained that the governor put to death more people in the new world than he did for the murder of his father. |
How did the civil war in Virginia end? |
|
|
They were surrounded by a sea of malcontents after the Virginia civil war, and they were anxiously looking about for less troublesome laborers |
Why did lordly planters eventually go to Africa for labor? |
|
|
True |
True or false, 400,000 out of the 10 million Africans went to North america, the great majority arrived in Spanish and Portuguese South America or to the sugar Rich West indies. |
|
|
By the mid 1680s, for the first time, black slaves outnumbered white servants among the plantation colonies new arrivals. |
In the 1680s, rising wages in England shrunk the pool of penniless folk willing to gamble on a new life or an early death as indentured servants in America. At the same time, the large planters were growing increasingly fearful of the multitudes of potentially mutinous former servants in their midst. What was the affect of all this? |
|
|
Royal African company |
First chartered in 1672, in 1698 it lost its crown granted Monopoly on carrying slaves to the colonies. Enterprising americans, especially Rhode islanders, rushed to cash in on the lucrative slave trade, and the supply of slaves rose deeply. |
|
|
Very true |
True or false, most of the slaves who reached North America came from the west coast of africa. They were originally captured by African coastal tribes, who traded them in crude markets on the shimmering tropical beaches to European, and american, flesh merchants. Usually branded and bound, the captives were herd of boards filtering ships for the gruesome middle passage, on which death rates ran as high as 20%. Terrified survivors who were eventually shoved onto auction blocks and New world ports like newport, Rhode Island or charleston, south carolina, where a giant slave market traded in human misery for more than a century |
|
|
True |
True or false, a few of the earliest African immigrants gained their freedom, and some even became slave owners themselves. But as a number of Africans in their midst increased dramatically toward the end of the 17th century, white colonists reacted remorselessly to this supposed racial threat. |
|
|
The distinction was largely on the basis of race. Beginning in Virginia and 1662, statutes appeared that formally decreed the iron conditions of slavery for blacks. These earliest slave codes made blacks and their children the property or channels for life of their white Masters. Some colonies made it a crime to teach a slave to read or write. Not even conversion to Christianity would qualify a slave for freedom. Thus did the god-fearing whites put the fear of God onto their hapless black laborers. |
Earlier in the century the legal difference between a slave and a servant was unclear. But now the law began to make sure distinctions. What were the distinctions between the two? |
|
|
Slavery might have begun in America for economic reasons, but by the end of the 17th century, it was clear that racial discrimination also powerfully molded the American slave system. |
Was slavery always for economic reasons alone? |
|
|
Slave life is especially severe. The climate was hostile to health, and the labor was life draining. The Wiley scattered South Carolina rice and indigo plantations were lonely hells on Earth where gangs of mostly male Africans toiled and perished. Only fresh imports could sustain the slave population under these loathsome conditions. |
Describe slave life in the deepest south |
|
|
Head lice somewhat easier than slaves in the deep south. Tobacco was a less physically demanding crop than those of the deeper south. Tobacco plantations were larger and closer to one another than light rice plantations. The size and proximity of these plantations permitted the slaves more frequent contact with their friends and relatives. By about 1720 the proportion of female slaves in the region begun to rise making family life possible. The slaves soon began to grow not only through new imports but also through its own fertility, making it one of the few slave societies in history to perpetuate itself by its own natural reproduction. |
Describe slave life in the tobacco growing Chesapeake region |
|
|
Native born African Americans |
Contributed to the growth of a stable and distinctive slave culture, and make sure of African and American elements of speech, religion, and folkways. |
|
|
Gullah |
On the sea Islands of South Carolina's coast, blacks evolved a unique language. Probably a corruption of angola, the African region from which many of them had come. It blended English with several African languages, including yoruba, ibo, and hausa. Through it many African words have passed into American speech, such as goober which means peanut, gumbo which is okra, and voodoo which means witchcraft. |
|
|
The ring show, a West African religious dance performed by shuffling in a circle while answering a preacher's shouts, was brought to colonial America by slaves and eventually contributed to the development of jazz. The banjo and the bongo drum were other African contributors to American culture. Not to mention the slaves also help to build the country with their labor. If you became skilled artisans, carpenters, bricklayers, and tanners. But chiefly they performed the sweaty toil of clearing swamps, grabbing out trees, and other menial tasks. |
Other than the gullah language, what did West Africans contribute to American culture? |
|
|
Cost the lives of a dozen lights and caused the execution of 21 blacks, some of them burned at the stake over a slow fire. More than 50% full South Carolina blacks along the Stoner River exploded and revolt in 1739 and tried to march to Spanish florida, only to be stopped by the local militia. But in the end the slaves in the South proved to be more manageable labor force than the white indentured servants they gradually replaced. No slave uprising American history Mass to scale of Bacon's rebellion. |
Explain the slave revolt that erupted in New York City in 1712 |
|
|
A small but powerful covey of great planters. Owning gangs of slaves and domains of land, the planters ruled the region's economy and virtually monopolized political power. A clutch of extended clans, such as the fitzhughes, the lees, and the washingtons, possessed among them horizonless tracts of Virginia real estate, and together they dominated the House of burgesses. Just before the revolutionary war, 70% of the leaders of The Virginia legislator came from families established in Virginia before 1690, the famed first families of virginia, or ffv's |
Who was at the top of the Southern social hierarchy in the 17th century? |
|
|
False, they did eventually build stately riverfront manners, occasionally road to the hounds, and some of them even cultivated the arts of accumulated distinguished libraries. But for the most part they were a hard-working business like, laboring long hours over the problems of plantation management. |
True or false, the great 17th century merchant planters were imitating the ways of English country gentlemen. |
|
|
The servants. One Virginia governor had such difficulty keeping his servants sober that he struck a deal allowing them to get drunk the next day if they would only lay off the liquor long enough to look after his guests at the celebration of the Queen's birthday in 1711. |
What was the most vexatious problem of plantation management? |
|
|
The small farmers, the largest social group. They told their modest plots in my own one or two slaves, but they lived a ragged comprehensive mouth existence. |
Who is under the Great planters in the social hierarchy of the 17th century |
|
|
Landless whites, most of them luckily former indentured servants. |
Who is beneath the small farmers in the social hierarchy of the 17th century? |
|
|
Person still serving out the term of their indenture. Their numbers gradually diminished as black slaves increasingly replaced white indentured servants toward the end of the 17th century. |
Who were under the landless whites in the social hierarchy of 17th century? |
|
|
Of course it was opressed black slaves |
Who is below the indentured white slaves in the social hierarchy of the 17th century? |
|
|
True |
True or false, you said he sprouted in the colonial South, and consequently in urban professional class, including lawyers and finances, was slow to emerge. Southern life revolved around the great plantations, distantly isolated from one another. Waterways provided the principal means of transportation. Roads were so wretched that in bad weather funeral parties could not reach Church burial grounds, and obstacle that accounts for the development of family burial plots in the south, a practice unlike anything in Old England or new england. |
|
|
Clean water and cold temperatures retarded the spread of killer microbes. And start contrast to the fate of Chesapeake immigrants, settlers and 17th century New England ADDED 10 years to their life span by migrating from the old world. The first generation of Puritan colonist had a life span of about 70 years. |
Why did the pioneer new englanders have an easier time than their fellow colonists in the south? |
|
|
True |
True or false, and for the contrast with the chesapeake, New Englanders tended to migrate not as individuals but as families, and the family remained at the center of New England life. Almost from the outset, New England's population grew from natural reproductive increase. The people were remarkably fertile, even if the soil is not. They had grandparents, and family stability was reflected in the low premarital pregnancy rates. |
|
|
Early marriage encourage the booming birth rate. The wed by the early twenties and produced babies about every two years thereafter until menopause. Ceaseless childbearing during the vitality of many pioneer woman, as the weather eroded colonials tombstones reveal. A number of the largest families were born by several mothers. The frequency of death in childbirth of probably been exaggerated. The Dread of death and childbirth haunted many women. A married woman could expect to experience up to 10 pregnancies and rear as many as eight surviving children. In New England woman might well have dependent children living in her household from the earliest days of marriage up until the day of her death, and the child raising became an essence her full-time occupation. |
Describe colonial woman |
|
|
Because Southern men frequently died young, leaving widows with small children to support, the southern colonies generally allowed married women to retain separate title to their property and gave widows the right to inherit their husbands estates. But in new england, Puritan lawmakers worried that recognizing women's separate property rights would undercut the unity of married persons by acknowledging and conflicting interest between husband and wife. New England woman usually gave up their property rights, therefore, when they married. Yet in contrast to Old England the laws and New England made severe provision for the property rights of widows, and even extended important protections to women within marriage. |
The fragility of Southern families advanced the economic security of southern women, especially of women's property rights. Why was this? How did Southern women's Rights differ from New England women's rights? |
|
|
Woman still could not vote, and the popular attitude persisted that they were morally weaker than men, I believe rooted in the biblical tale of eaves treachery in the garden of Eden but a husband's power over his wife was not absolute. The New England authorities could and did intervene to restrain abusive spouses. One man was punished for kicking his wife off of stool, another was discipline for drawing an uncivil portrait of his mate and snow. Woman also has fears of autonomy. Midwifery, assisting with childbirth, was a virtual female monopoly, and midwives often fostered networks of women bonded by the common travails of motherhood. |
Describe the rudimentary conception of women's rights as individuals in the New world |
|
|
Divorce was exceedingly rare, and the authorities commonly ordered separate couples to reunite. Outright abandonment was among the very few permissible grounds for divorce. But those three was another period convicted adulterers, especially if they were women, were whipped in public and forced forever after to wear the capital letter a cut out and cloth and sewed on their outer garment. |
The laws of Puritan New England sought to defend the integrity of marriages. Explain. |
|
|
In the Chesapeake region, the expansion of settlement was somewhat random and usually undertaken by lone Wolf planters on their own initiative, but New England society grew in a more orderly fashion. New towns were legally chartered by the colonial authorities, and the distribution of land was entrusted to the steady hands of sober-minded town fathers, or proprietors. After receiving a grant of land from the colonial legislature, the proprietors moved themselves and their families to the designated place in laid out their town. It usually consisted of a meeting house, which served as both the place of worship and the town hall, surrounded by houses. Also marked out was a village green, where the militia could drill. Each family receives several parcels of land, including a wood lot for fuel, attract for suitable for growing crops, and another for pastoring animals. |
Describe the difference in the Chesapeake region expansion and the New England expansion. |
|
|
Towns of more than 50 families were required to provide elementary education, and the majority of the adults knew how to read and write. As early as 1636, just 8 years after the colonies found in, the Massachusetts Puritans established Harvard college, today the oldest corporation in america, to train local boys for the ministry. Only in 1693, 80 years after sticking out Jamestown, did the Virginians establish the first college, William and mary. |
Describe the difference in education between New England and southern colonies |
|
|
Puritans ran their own churches, and democracy and Congressional Church government LED logically to democracy and political government. The town meeting in which the adult males met together and each man voted, was a showcase in classroom for democracy. New England villagers from the outset gathered regularly in their meeting houses to elect their officials, appoint school masters, and discuss such Monday and matters as road repairs. |
explain how Puritans had democracy |
|
|
The pressure of a growing population is gradually dispersing the Puritans onto outlying forums, far from the control of the church and neighbors. The passage of time was dampening the first generation's flaming religious zeal. Especially alarming was the parent decline and conversions. |
What were the pioneers of New England settlements fears |
|
|
Jeremiad |
About the middle of the 17th century, new form of sermon began to be heard from Puritan pulpits. Taking their cue from the doomsang Old testament prophets jeremiah, Ernest preacher's scolded parishioners for their waning piety. |
|
|
Conversions |
Testimonials by individuals that they had received God's grace and therefore deserve to be admitted to the church as members of the elects. |
|
|
The half-way covenant |
Troubled ministers in 1662 announced this new formula for church membership. This new arrangement modified the covenant, or the agreement between the church and its adherence, to admit to baptism--but not full communion--the unconverted children of existing members. But conferring partial membership rights in the once exclusive Puritan congregations, a weekend the distinction between the elect and others, further diluting the spiritual purity of the original settlers godly community. This time went on, the doors of the puritan churches one fully open to all comers, weather converted or not. This is widening of church membership gradually erase the distinction between the elect and other members of society. In effect, strict religious purity was sacrifice someone to the cause of wider religious participation. Interestingly, from about this time onward, women were in the majority in the Puritan congregations. |
|
|
A group of adolescent girls in solemn, massachusetts, claim to have been Bewitched by certain older woman. A hysterical witch Hunt etude, leading to the legal lynching in 1692 of 20 individuals, 19 of whom were hanged in one of whom was pressed to death. Two dogs were also hanged. Which ones were often directed at property owning woman. The reign of horror in solemn grew not only from the superstitions and prejudices of the age but also from the unsettled social and religious conditions of the rapidly and evolving Massachusetts village. Most of the accused wishes came from families associated with Salem's middle class market economy; their accusers came largely from subsistent farming families. religious traditionalists were afraid that Puritan heritage was being eclipsed by Yankee commercialism. |
Explain how woman played a prominent role in one of New England's most frightening religious episodes |
|
|
The governor, alarmed by an accusation against his own wife and supported by the more responsible members of the clergy, prohibited any further trials and pardon those already convicted. 20 years later a Apple Massachusetts legislator annulled the convictions of the witches and made reparations to their heirs. |
Why did witchcraft hysteria eventually end in 1693? |
|
|
Witch-hunting |
Passed into the American vocabulary as a metaphor for the often dangerously irrational urge to find a scapegoat for social resentments |
|
|
Puritans did not possess the soil, it possessed them by shaping their character. Scratching a living from the protesting Earth was an early American success story. Backbending toil put a premium on industry and penny pinching frugality, for which new englanders became famous. The grudging land also left colonial New England less ethnically makes than it's Southern neighbors. European immigrants were not attracted in great numbers to a site where the soil was so stony, and this sermon so unpleasant. |
Explain how the story of New England was largely written by rocks |
|
|
The Summers were uncomfortably hot and the winters cruelly cold. The soil and climate of New England eventually encouraged a diversified agriculture and industry. Staple products like tobacco did not flourish, as in the south. Black slavery, although attempted, could not exist profitably on small farms. No broad, fertile expanses comparable to those in the tidewater South beckoned people inland. The mountains ran fairly close to the shore, and the rivers were generally short and rapid. |
Explain how climate and geography molded New England |
|
|
They condemned the Indians for wasting the Earth by underusing its bounty. The Europeans felt a virtual duty to "improve" the land by clearing woodlands for pasturage until it's, building roads and fences, and laying out permanent settlements. |
How did the English settlers justify their taking of the land from the native inhabitants? |
|
|
They brought pigs, horses, sheep, and cattle from Europe to the settlements. Because the growing hurts needed ever more pasture land, the colonists were continually clearing forests. The animals ferocious appetite and heavy hooves compacted the soil, speeding erosion and flooding period in some cases the combined effect of these developments actually may have changed local climates and made some areas even more susceptible to extremes of heat and cold. |
Explain how the English changed the land by the introduction of livestock |
|
|
True, hacking timber from their dense forest, they became experts in ship building in commerce. They also ceaselessly exploited the self perpetuating codfish lode off the coast of newfoundland. |
True or false, repelled by the rocks, the Hardy new englanders turned instinctively to their fine natural harbors. |
|
|
New England conscience |
Born of the steadfast Puritan heritage, left a legacy of high idealism and the national character and inspired many later reformers. |
|
|
Lieslers rebellion |
In New York animosity between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants fueled this rebellion, ill started and bloody insurgence that Rocked New York City from 1698 to 1691 |
|
|
Massachusetts in 1651 prohibited portfolk from wearing gold or silver lace, and in 18th century Virginia a Taylor was fined and jailed for arranging to racist horse, a sport only for gentlemen. But these efforts to reproduce the finely stratified societies of Europe approved people in the early American wilderness, where equality and democracy found fertile soil, at least for white people. |
For their part, would be American Blue bloods resented the pretensions of the "meaner sort" and passed laws to try to keep them in their place. Give an example. |
