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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Cell Junctions? What are the three different types of Cell Junctions? |
The cells that make up tissues are heldtogether by three types of junctions
1. Tight junctions 2. Adhesion junctions 3. Gap junctions |
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What is the Function and Location of a Tight Junction? |
Function: Prevent substances from leaking across tissues
Locations: Urinary tract, digestive tract |
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What is the Function and Location of Adhesion Junctions? |
Function: hold adjacent cells together and allow tissues to be flexible
Locations: skin, opening of the uterus |
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What is the Function and Location of Gap Junctions?
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Function: open channels between cellsallowing rapid communication due toquick transfer of ions and smallmolecules between neighboring cells
Location: heart and smooth muscle |
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Which junction allows rapid communication between neighboring cells?
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Gap Junctions |
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Which junction prevent substances from leaking across tissues?
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Tight Junctions |
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What are the two main body cavities? |
-Dorsal cavity (posterior) -Ventral cavity (anterior) |
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What does the Ventral Cavity consist of? |
The Ventral cavity is divided into two cavities:
thoracic cavity abdominal cavity. The diaphragm is a broad sheet of muscle that divides the two cavities |
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What does the Thoracic Cavity consist of? |
The Thoracic cavity is further subdivided into:
the pleural cavities – contains lungs the pericardial cavity – contains heart |
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What does the Abdominal Cavity contain? |
The Abdominal cavity contains the digestive system, the urinary system, and the reproductive system
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What does the Dorsal Cavity consist of? |
Dorsal cavity is divided into two cavities:
Cranial – contains brain Spinal – contains spinal cord |
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What are Membranes? |
Body cavities and surfaces of organs arecovered with membranes.
Membranes are sheets of epitheliumsupported by connective tissues. Membranes protect tissues and organs. |
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What are the four different types of membranes? |
1. Mucous
2. Serous 3. Synovial 4. Cutaneous |
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What is the Mucus Membrane, what does it do? |
Mucous – line passages to the exterior world, including those of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems in the body. Its function is secreting mucus
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What is the Serous Membrane, what does it do? |
Serous –line thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and the organs contained in them. Secrete lubricating fluid
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What is the Synovial Membrane, what does it do? |
Synovial – line cavities of freely movable joints
Secrete a lubricating fluid |
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What is the Cutaneous Membrane, what does it do? |
Cutaneous: skin, lines the outside of the body, thick, dry
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What is an Organ? |
An organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
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What is an Organ System? |
In turn, organs work together to form an organ system
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How is the Stomach an example of an organ system? |
Epithelium lines the stomach and secretes acid to digest the food.
Nerve tissue stimulates cells to release the acid. Muscles contract to push food through the stomach. Connective tissue supports these other tissues |
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What is Homeostasis? |
Homeostasis – the ability to maintain thebody at a relatively stable environment
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How does the body maintain Homeostasis? |
The body uses the nervous system and theendocrine system to maintain homeostasis.
Controlled by negative or positive feedback |
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How does the Negative/Positive Feedback Mechanism work? |
A receptor detects a change in the internal or external environment.
A control center, such as a part of the brain, integrates the information coming from all receptors and sends out an appropriate response The effector carries out the response returning the system to homeostasis again |
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Within the Negative/Positive Feedback Mechanism, what does the Receptor do? |
A receptor detects a change in the internal or external environment.
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Within the Negative/Positive Feedback Mechanism, what does the Control Center do?
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A control center, such as a part of the brain, integrates the information coming from all receptors and sends out an appropriate response
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Within the Negative/Positive Feedback Mechanism, what does the Effector do?
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The effector carries out the response returning the system to homeostasis again
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What are Hormones? What happens when Hormones are secreted? |
Hormones – A substance released into the blood, carries a message to other parts ofthe body
When hormones are released from onepart of the body they cause another part ofthe body to react |
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What is the difference between Negative and Positive Feedback? |
In general, Negative Feedback is used tokeep the body in balance, it keeps thestatus quo
Positive Feedback is used to change thesituation |
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What is an example of Negative Feedback for Calcium regulation when calcium levels drop too low inthe blood stream.
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Example: calcium regulation.
Calcium is stored in the bones and circulates in the blood stream. Cells in the bones, osteoclasts release calcium from bone Stimulus: when calcium levels drop too low in the blood stream. Sensor: Parathyroid glands Control center: the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone Effectors: Osteoclast cells in bone release calcium, Kidneys reabsorb more Ca++ |
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What is an example of Negative Feedback for Calcium regulation when calcium levels increase toohigh in the blood stream.
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Stimulus: when calcium levels increase too high in the blood stream.
Sensor: Parathyroid glands Control center: the parathyroid gland stops releases parathyroid hormone Effectors: Osteoclast cells in bone stop releasing calcium, Kidneys reabsorb less Ca++ |
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What is an example of Negative Feedback in temperature regulation? |
Read pages 79 – 81.
Temperature regulation in the body Hyperthermia, abnormally elevated body temperature. Hypothermia, abnormally low body temperature. |
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Where is the thermostat for our body located? |
In the Hypothalamus |
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What is an example of Positive Feedback in Childbirth? |
Stimulus: When the baby leaves the uterus, themuscles in the cervix stretch. Nerves in thecervix send a message to the hypothalamusgland
Sensor: strech receptors in the cervix Control Center: Hypothalamus gland causesthe pituitary gland to release oxytocin Effector : muscles of uterus contract More pressure stimulates the stretch receptors,which signal the hypothalamus to tell thepituitary gland to release more oxytocin |
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What are the components of the Integumentary System? |
Components of the integumentary:
Skin Nails Hair exocrine glands (sweat and oil glands) |
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What are the functions of the Integumentary System? |
1. Provides protection from bacteria, UV radiation, chemicals, physical injury
2. Reduce water loss 3. Temperature regulation 4. Vitamin D production 5. Contains sensors that detect pain, temperature, and pressure |
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What are the two different types of Skin Layers? |
The epidermis has two layers:
1. Epidermis – thin outer layer of stratifiedsquamous epithelial tissue 2. Dermis – thick underlying layer of mainlyconnective tissue |
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What does the Epidermis consist of? |
Epidermis consists of several layers ofsquamous epithelial cells (stratified)
Deepest layer contains rapidly dividing cells Outer surface is made up of dead skin cells Protective properties come from keratin Melanocytes produce melanin |
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What does the Dermis consist of? |
The dermis consists primarily of connectivetissue
Also contains vascular tissue, hair follicles,sweat glands, nerves, sensory receptors Collagen and elastic fibers are found in thelower layer, which allows the skin to stretchand return to its original shape |
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What is the Hypodermis |
The hypodermis is a layer of loose connective tissue beneath the dermis and epidermis connecting it to other tissues.
The hypodermis is not a part of the skin, it lays underneath the skin. |
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What are some of the accessory organs of the skin? |
Nails - sheets of hard keratinized cells forming a protective covering for the fingers and toes.
Hair follicles - found in the dermis and where sebum is released to lubricate the hair. Sweat glands - play a role in modifying body temperature and have ducts that lead to a pore at the surface of the skin. Sebaceous glands - secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair |
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What does Melanin help protect you from? What are the 3 different types of skin cancer? |
Melanin protects against UV radiation
Three types of skin cancer 1. Basal cell carcinoma – from rapidly dividing cells deep in the epidermis 2. Squamous cell carcinoma - from newly formed cells as they flatten 3. Melanoma - from melanocytes, far more dangerous than other skin cancers. |
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What is the skin cancer, Basal cell carcinoma? |
From rapidly dividing cells deep in the epidermis |
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What is the skin cancer, Squamous cell carcinoma? |
From newly formed cells as they flatten
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What is the skin cancer, Melanoma?
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From melanocytes, far more dangerous than other skin cancers because it is more likely to spread to other parts of the body.
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What cells that are found in skin produce pigments? |
Melanocytes
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What is Tissue? |
A group pf cells that work together to perform a common function. |
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What is an Exocrinegland? |
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What is an Endocrine gland?
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What is the Diaphragm? |
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What is a Sebum? |
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What is Keratin? |
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What is a Basement Membrane? |
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